From slavery to freedom Essay Example for Free

From slavery to immunity EssayIronically, Fredrick Douglas all but snatched the Emancipation annunciation from Abraham Lincolns hands to make of its matte rhetoric a sharpened call for freedom and equality. Douglass had never regarded the ending of slavery as enough, either for himself or for his people it had to be the beginning of an embracing of the black individuals fullness as a person, a beginning that would point straight toward an end, within quick reach. For Douglass, each gain in the struggle, and the Emancipation Proclamation decidedly was one of the greatest, simply meant that America must move on to the next gain. (Mcfeely, 1991) Douglasss commitment to abolitionism, black elevation, and womens rights outstripped his commitment to separate friendly reforms. His major sociable reform passions black liberation and womens liberation underscored his egalitarian humanism. The logic and motivation for his social reform odyssey derived essentially from his quest for morality, order, and progress. Even though his interrelated social reform enthusiasms were integral to his vision of a moral, orderly, and progressive civilization, he nonetheless evinced a keen sense of the need for priorities among them.(Martin, 1984) In retelling his journey from slavery to freedom in the middle of the decade, less than a year after the Cleveland emigration convention, Douglass was responding implicitly to the arguments of Delany and other pro-immigration supporters that in the foreseeable future blacks would remain slaves, or de facto slaves, in the United States arguments that would appear to have gained added currency with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854.Central to Douglasss continued hopefulness about blacks prospects in the United States, despite such ostensibly negative developments, was a renewed commitment following his 1851 break with Garrison to the informing ideals of the nations original revolutionary documents. In many ways during t his period, Frederick Douglass became the prototypical American success a peerless self-made man and symbol of success a fearless and tireless spokesman a thoroughgoing humanist. The most striking and support aspect of Douglasss heroic legacy in his day its classic, even archetypical aura has persisted down to the present.Although often viewed and used differently by others, the heroic and fabled Douglass clearly personifies the American success ethic. The key to his eminently evocative essence is twofold. Douglasss influence had a far reaching affect. In April 1855, Uriah Boston, a great figure in the black community of Poughkeepsie, New York, wrote a letter to Douglass in reference to his newspaper. Boston expressed concern over the increasingly separatist tone of prominent black abolitionists like William J. Wilson and James McCune Smith.Responding to pieces they had written in the black press, Boston criticized the two for urging the colored people to preserve their indivi duation with the African race. He feared that any claim of distinct national identity on the part of black people might lend credence to the propriety and necessity of African colonizationthe dreaded scheme of the American Colonization Society. For Boston, blacks could never constitute a nation within the nation. You cannot mix nationalities, he wrote. No man is a proper citizen of one certain country while he claims at the same time to be a citizen of any other country.

The History and Development of the ECCE in Ireland Essay Example for Free

The History and Development of the ECCE in Ireland EssayA, The History and discipline of the ECCE in IrelandThe environments in which our youngest squirtren live, grow and play have changed dramatically oer the past century. For the best part of the twentieth century, young squirtren were cargond for in the family home and went to nurture somewhattime after(prenominal) the age of three. For much of that time, Irish society was largely agrarian based and tiddlerren worked on the farm work which had economic quantify to the family. Families were large, doubly as large on average as those in the rest of Europe for most of the century. Children lived in households which frequently comprised members of the extended family. Emigration was a track of life and some children must have grown up in the knowledge that they would leave and not return. The Catholic Church and the State operated a symbiotic relationship in relation to many aspects of Irish life, including preparati on, undermentioned Independence.In particular, the Church appears to have had considerable influence in terms of family life, a locate consolidated by the 1937 Constitution. Changes began to occur in the 1950s when increasing industrialisation and urbanisation began to have an impact. Around this time, too, family size began to reduce. It was not until the 1970s, though, that substantial numbers of women began to in miserly and stay in the paid workforce. This was partly due to the lifting of the marriage bar in the civil service and the beginnings of movement towards parity of pay and rights for women with their male colleagues following Irelands entry into the European Economic Community (EEC). Out-of-home care arrangements for children then became a necessity for some families.Contemporary experienceWith changes in family patterns, more(prenominal) children are now living in smaller families, one parent families or in disparate families. Young children in contemporary Irish families are experiencing intimately different parenting trends, not least of which is that many now have the more active involvement of their fathers as well as their mothers. Traditionally, parents tended to concentrate more on the physical well- be of their children, whereas now they are increasingly relate with their childrens holistic development, including their cognitive, emotional and social development. Widespread dissemination of research on child development in popular and accessible media formats, such(prenominal) as television programmes and self-help books on child development and parenting, indicate interest among the population on such issues. Such a media profile for child development also suggests an outgrowthd awareness among parents of the importance of this stage of life, and of the importance of supporting childrens optimal development. However, there is also the possibility that such media will exert pressure on parents in suggesting that parenting is a c omplicated and fraught occupation, with the margins for error being frighteningly wide, and the possibilities for conquest intimidatingly narrow. In fact, parents get it right as yet in demanding circumstances.Impact of socio-economic changeWhile there is greater sensitivity to childrens needs in the holistic sense, there are depleted resources, notably time, within families and communities to meet them. Many aspects of the socio-economic context, including the organization of work and work/life balance, are not child friendly. House prices have risen enormously and incidently, the difficulty in finding affordable housing in central parts of cities such as capital of Ireland has meant that many people, oddly young couples, have had to move out into the surrounding counties. The road and rail infrastructure is unable to meet the new demand and many people have had to succumb to lengthy hours of commuting. Stress and tiredness caused by parents commuting and work is likely to tr amp pressure on childrens quality of life within their families.There is an element of irony in the fact that while children are experiencing more environments in their day-to-day lives in comparison to children even thirty years ago, we now find it necessary to plan for childrens access to, in particular, the outdoor environment. Parental and adult concern for the childs safety and security means that the range of places in which children can play has shrunk, particularly in urban areas. Traffic volumes, development of green spaces and fear for children being out and about without adult supervision contributes to a contraction of freedom for children. Additionally, it would appear that children are spending increasing time in front of computers and televisions with consequent health risks, including diminished outdoor play, physical inactivity and obesity.Employment and childcareWhile unemployment was endemic during most of the 1980s, Ireland has experienced increasingly high leve ls of employment everywhere the past ten years or so. Employment growth and a greater demand for labour, coupled with the need for dual income households to meet the cost of housing, impacted on female work force participation rates. Mothers employment participation rates in Ireland are comparatively high. Because of relatively short leave entitlements after the birth of a child, more mothers of young children are in employment in Ireland than in other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.The obvious exit of these circumstances is that more children are now being cared for outside the home than heretofore, despite continuing shortages of provision. Much of the increase in supply has occurred in the secret commercial sector where costs to parents are among the highest in Europe. Substantial percentages of mothers working full-time and part-time use no paid childcare at all, indicating a reliance on informal provision provided by family or friend s. There is very limited information on the nature and quality of the many and vary forms of childcare and pre- inform provision for children who attend out-of-home settings.Implications for ECCE provisionThere are several implications emanating from this gravel, but just one will be considered here that of the young childs right to educational provision. To be meaningful, life-long learning must be conceptualised on a continuum which begins at birth. There are good reasons, based on the knowledge we now have on the efficacy of early education and the magnitude of young childrens potential for learning, for making provision for children from birth. However, a more fundamental argument relates to the young childs right to education in the same way that older children are entitled to educational provision. This position is underpinned by the UNCRC (UN, 1989).Care and EducationProvision for young children in Ireland has been fragmented and many of the fault lines can be traced to the historical understanding of care and education as being separate forms of provision. It is not difficult to see how this fracture developed historically here in Ireland. stem and SchoolThe national school system was established in 1831 and there were enough infants (3-5 year olds) in the system by 1872 to warrant a specific infant programme. Figures from the mid-1940s indicate that by then, over 48,000 children between the ages of three and five were in the system. These figures represent substantial numbers of young children in school. It is possible that this indicates that parents placed a high value on their childrens education and may explain why the national or primary school system here in Ireland has, since its inception, been regarded as concerned exclusively with education. Throughout the period referred to above, children were cared for at home up until the point at which they began to attend school.These two contexts of care and education were quite different, and that inconsistency seems to have been translated to mean mutually exclusive. While there is very little documented evidence about the care of young children at home, it appears that care was primarily the responsibility of the mother. Families were large and older siblings were involved in looking after younger children. While there were differences in urban and rural contexts, the extended family, particularly grandmothers, who often lived in the family home, were involved. Home and school were the two contexts in which children spent time so, even before the concepts were considered, it is possible to see the genesis of our traditional expression of care as what happens up to the age of three or so, and education as what happens after that.revise Programme, 1900One of the most remarkable stages in that chronicle was the Revised Programme of 1900 (Commissioners of National Education in Ireland, 1901), though this is a somewhat arbitrary starting point. Even before this time, the phil osophies of Rousseau, Froebel, Pestalozzi and Dewey had influenced individuals who put such theories into work here. In fact, one might locate the provenance of the concept of child-centred practice with these theorists. The Revised Programme is strikingly familiar to the modern reader.It was influenced by Frobelian principles and incorporated heuristic program approaches to teaching and learning. It advocated development from within rather than moulding from without, promoted the integration of subject areas and emphasised the environment as a context for the childs learning. The Revised Programme advocated teaching content in an integrated manner, breaking with the tradition at that time of compartmentalising knowledge. Unfortunately, however, the necessary finances for equipment, training and implementation were never put in place. While the Revised Programme led to improvements in the dire state of infant education, the Dale Report (Dale, 1904) still found that this was one of the weakest elements of the system. Then, as now, no matter how good the computer program, it is dependent for effectiveness on resourcing, training and investment.1922 and 1948 curricular changeA very different approach was taken in the curriculum introduced in 1922 following the foundation of the Irish Free State (National Programme Conference, 1922). This approach moved the focus off the young child onto curriculum content, specifically the Irish language, which was to be re-established as part of the socio-political transformation of Ireland following independence. The curricular changes introduced meant that the restoration of the Irish language became the primary aim of infant education.Following some years of implementation of this programme, teachers expressed deep reservations about its effect, stating that it inhibited the child intellectually, repressed the natural urge for self-expression and led to some children being mentally and physically damaged. This programme wa s replaced by the Revised Programme for Infants (Department of Education DoE, 1948) in 1948, which returned to the values and direction espoused by the 1900 Revised Programme. However, due to continuing requirements regarding the teaching of Irish, it proved difficult to implement the philosophy of this programme.New Curriculum, 1971Major curricular change occurred in 1971 with the introduction of the New Curriculum (DoE, 1971). Play was an integral part of this curriculum which was knowing to cater for the full and harmonious development of each child, with an inherent flexibility to adapt to the needs of children of varying abilities and cultural backgrounds. However, the economic recession of the 1970s meant that the all-inclusive network of supports for teachers which was envisaged did not materialise. Class size remained very large during the period following the introduction of the New Curriculum. Spending on education increased over the following decades, and while class si ze remained an issue at this time, the number of teaching posts in the system increased substantially. This relates to the introduction of schemes such as Home/School/Community Liaison (HSCL) and the expansion of Special Needs provision.Revised Curriculum, 1999The 1999 Revised Curriculum (DES, 1999b) is designed to nurture children in all dimensions of their lives. In-service training is ongoing for teachers and structures (e.g. the Primary Curriculum Support Programme PCSP and the School Development Planning Service SDPS) have been put in place to support its roll-out into schools. A close study of these consecutive curricula illustrates the evolving understandings of concepts such as childcentred and holistic education in Ireland.Developments in provisionOne of the consequences of the relative economic prosperity of the 1960s was to increase interest and focus on education. From around this period, education became a new catalyst for social mobility, possibly on account of the int roduction of free lower-ranking education. Parents became increasingly anxious that their childrens future opportunities would be enhanced through education. Irelands increased involvement with international organisations such as the United Nations Educational, scientific and Cultural Office (UNESCO), the OECD and the UN, allied with the aspiration to become a member of the EEC, contributed to a lessening of the insularity which had been a feature of the previous period. There was a shift in focus from social expenditure in relation to education and children to one of investment in the individual, the economy and society.

Stability Analysis of DC Distribution System

constancy Analysis of DC Distribution SystemStability Analysis of DC Distribution System with Constant Multiple Power Loads Ethics Declaration Checklist (to be completed by student)Does this throw up involve the use ofYES/NOHuman participants,NOPreviously collected confidential data,NOAnimals for scientific purposes?NOIf YES to every of the above, then the proposal forgeting not be sancti matchlessd and you will not be allowed to proceed with this estimate.By submitting this report through the unit website for assessment, you certify that the information provided above is true and correct.AbstractIn new-fashi wizd times dc distribution ashes is become a very complex which consist different types of multiple advocator converters. But strategy is suffered from constancy related problem which arise ascribable to negative incremental resistivity of constant power loads. There ar several methods for stability depth psychology of dc distribution establishment such as Middelbr ook criterion, phase and gain margin criterion, energy source consortium criterion and the Passivity- Based stability criterion (PBSC). Furthermore, one anformer(a) technique which name is unequivocal Feed-Forward control which is used with PBSC to improve the stability and to solve the placement interaction problem. The main aim of the project is to tilt whole system into simulation personal manner in MATLAB and try to make the system persistent.IntroductionNow day dc distribution systems are broadly speaking ground on the power electronics Which used power converter and semiconductor devices. As a result stability and dynamic performance developed out-of-pocket to converter interconnection system. As we mentioned above there are most of criterion lot be used only for single bus system. However, the power electronics ground system consist multiple converter and multibus system so for this complex scenario the most reliable and accurate technique is the Passive Based Sta bility Critrion (PBSC). In this technique, stability of the any(prenominal) system may be derived by evaluating the system bus resistivity. (Siegers, Arrua and Santi, 2017)Furthermore, in PBSC technique the system may be stable if the bus resistivity of the system is analysed as a passive therefore this system also need to couple with positive feed-forward technique which is used to objective stabilizing controllers that force the system bus passivity by damping impedances. The main concept of dynamic performance is based on impedance region of the system so suitable damping impedance can be developed or calculated in the system employ the PFF control.Fig1.0 multi-bus system with power convertersMotivationIn recent time, to work with dc distribution system becomes very easier because of developed semiconductor technology and power electronics converters. In power system network broadly stability of any system is very import if it is dc or ac distribution. Power quality is gene rally related to potentiality quality of the system. At this stage, the main tendency is to change ac distribution system with high level dc distribution system. There are several technique are available for stability analysis of dc distribution system but the impedance based stability criterion such as PBSC is widely used. When any system is connected with the constant power load then it may be suffer from asymmetry because it causes to increase the current. As a result it will definitely decrease the voltage. (Hodge Flower, 2009).In addition, PBSC is recently developed stability analysis technique which is exhibit better stability margins and establishes certain performance. Furthermore, this technique is power electronics based so it may consist of multiple power converters. There is one basic architecture model is given in fig 1.0. This technique is today applied to several net full treatment such as automotive power system, telecommunication system, electric- ship and elect ric- aircraft, as well as electric and hybrid- electric vehicles. (Siegers, 2017).Moreover, firstly PBSC technique could be apply only to single bus system which consist of source and load converter. But after dynamic closed loop answer of the converters is establish using standard resistively intermediate converter which is used to limit the analysis of single bus system. In general, the multi-bus power converter system has n numbers of buses and also has large number of shift converters, sources and loads. Multi-bus system is evaluated to an equivalent network (n-Port) to each bus. Mostly, passive based stability criterion is developed in frequency domain.ObjectivesThe main objective of this project is how DC distribution system should be become stable during constant power load using PBSC technique. PBSC is one of the different techniques which can be used for both single and multiple bus system so it will be helpful to understand the switching system of converter.Need to analy sis of criteria for the stability of dc distribution system.To create the circuit of dc distribution using switching converter for different plosive consonant system such as open loop, feed forward input control.Create the matrix diagram and its calculation of transfer function.To run whole DC distribution model in simulation mode in MATLAB.To compare and analysis of the actual calculation and simulation result for stability.SignificanceThe main logical implication of this method is that system may be stable if the network is passive. PSBC is mostly used for multi-bus system so it has n number of load converter and m number of source converter. Therefore, in the first place two criteria for system stable which related to total equivalent impedance.Z(bus) has no poles on right half plane(RHP)ReZ(bus(jw) =0 or Z(jw) has a contour of Nyquist which is lies totally in the RHP.The main goal of the technique is to make system stable. So, positive feed- forward control (PFF) is using dam ping impedance in parallel with the existing impedance. The main reason of using damping impedance is to stabilize the DC bus voltage by changing the bus impedance in the frequency domain. Furthermore, there are mainly three types of parallel damping cases such as Capacitor parallel damping, R-C parallel damping and L-R-C parallel damping.Proposed ApproachThe project work can be divided into a number of delegates that lead to complete work sequentially and successfully for achieving the main objective. There are mainly four task that need to be done such as research or understand the DC system, Principle of PBSC technique and how it is different from the other stability technique, matrix analysis and mathematical approach and finally to establish dc distribution model in simulation mode in MATLAB.In the first task, it is necessary to understand the basic principle of dc system such as how dc system works and why dc system becomes unstable in certain condition. Furthermore, PBSC is the main part of this project so it is necessary to understand other stable system first then how PBSC can be different technique than other for example these only one system which can be used for multi-bus system. In addition, the main role is that it works with switching converter because dc system can work only in resistive part but due to switching approach in time domain analysis it can work with inductive and capacitive part.The third part is to establish mathematical model or calculation of any system by using matrix formation. It will give the actual value of impedance for stability of system because whole method is depends on impedance of the system. Finally, the last part of this project is very important. It is necessary to understand the MATLAB software and then apply simulation mode for DC grid system.TimelineOne set apart chart is given in the appendix which shows the whole timeline of the project. In the first semester, project is divided into 13 weeks excluding holi days and exams. The description and time is also given in the grant chart. Furthermore, for semester 2 dates and description is not fixed but given approximate nearly. During the project, it may come some error and difficulties then some changes will occur. Each task is given sequentially and it may help to complete the whole task in given period.Risk AssessmentThere is some other(prenominal) attachment is given in appendix which shows the risk of the project. In general, the risk of the project is very low because mostly work in simulation mode not in the real world. There are several factors which can be affecting on the project such as supervisor, health, personal, software, equipment and computer. All factors are defined by code which is given below.SUP- SupervisorPer- PersonalHLTH- healthEQU- equipmentCMP- computerSFT- softwareAs mentioned above the overall risk of this project is low. more or less risk factors are near to zero such as supervisor, personal. The health risk al so low but sometimes it is dangerous for eyes due to sitting in front of computer but it can be overcome wearing the glasses. Instrument risk sometimes high because of awareness of using but it can solve by taking care properly. Computer data risk is very low and it can be overcome by back up data in USB. Software risk can be moderate.Progress to DateThe current level of the project work is at initial stage. Firstly I try to understand the how DC system is different than AC system. Furthermore, Try to find research paper related to the project work. Research is started on PBSC (Passive based stability criterion) technique and its main principal of this technique. Try to understand that why PBSC is used for stability analysis rather than another(prenominal) method. I am trying to understand matrix equation of stability criterion. In addition, in the last session I understand how DC system works with capacitor and inductor. Also I get broad knowledge about using capacitor in parallel with any circuit. In however session we will learn whole system and after we will learn the MATLAB software for future simulation.ConclusionAfter completing all task of this report, the stability of dc distribution system is quit complex but it is very useful for high voltage distribution system. It is very reliable and easier than AC system. The PBSC technique is also better than other technique because multi- bus system stability developed. Also PBSC is also analysis the passivity for individual bus system within MVDC system present. This technique is also validated or applies for both simulation and experimental model of four converter system. Also PBSC can fell design and sensitivity to component. There are some benefits of this system such as reduce power dissipation, large currents, weight and cost.References1 Barkley, A., Santi, E. (2009). Improved online identification of a DC-DC converter and its control loop gain using cross-correlation methods. IEEE Transactions on pow er electronics, 24(8), 2021-2031.2 Barkley, A., Dougal, R., Santi, E. (2011, March). Adaptive control of power converters using Digital Network analyzer Techniques. In Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE (pp. 1824-1832). IEEE.3 Bottrell, N., Prodanovic, M., Green, T. C. (2013). Dynamic stability of a microgrid with an active load. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 28(11), 5107-5119.4 Cho, H. Y., Santi, E. (2008, November). framework and stability analysis in multi-converter systems including positive feedforward control. In Industrial Electronics, 2008. IECON 2008. 34th Annual Conference of IEEE (pp. 839-844). IEEE.5 Cvetkovic, I., Boroyevich, D., Mattavelli, P., Lee, F. C., Dong, D. (2013). Unterminated small-signal behavioral model of DC-DC converters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 28(4), 1870-1879.6 Lin, R. L., Yeh, P. Y., Liu, C. H. (2012). Positive feed-forward control scheme for distributed power conv ersion system with multiple voltage sources. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 27(7), 3186-3194.7 Lin, R. L., Liu, W. S., Chen, J. F., Chen, M. H., Liu, C. H. (2013). Positive feedforward control for multimodule output-series power-conversion systems with individual nonideal sources. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 60(4), 1323-1334.8 Riccobono, A. (2013). Stabilizing Controller Design for a DC Power Distribution System using a Passivity-Based Stability Criterion.9 Riccobono, A., Santi, E. (2013). Positive feedforward control of three-phase voltage source inverter for DC input bus stabilization with experimental validation. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 49(1), 168-177.10 Riccobono, A., Santi, E. (2012, February). A novel passivity-based stability criterion (PBSC) for switching converter DC distribution systems. In Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2012 Twenty-Seventh Annual IEEE (pp. 2560-2567). IEEE.11 Rivetta, C., Willia mson, G. A., Emadi, A. (2005, July). Constant power loads and negative impedance instability in sea and undersea vehicles statement of the problem and comprehensive large-signal solution. In Electric Ship Technologies Symposium, 2005 IEEE (pp. 313-320). IEEE.12 Siegers, J., Arrua, S., Santi, E. (2017). Stabilizing Controller Design for Multibus MVdc Distribution Systems Using a Passivity-Based Stability Criterion and Positive Feedforward Control. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 5(1), 14-27.13 Sudhoff, S. D., Crider, J. M. (2011, April). Advancements in generalized immittance based stability analysis of DC power electronics based distribution systems. In Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS), 2011 IEEE (pp. 207-212). IEEE.14 Sun, J. (2011). Impedance-based stability criterion for grid-connected inverters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 26(11), 3075-3078.15 Zadeh, M. K., Gavagsaz-Ghoachani, R., Martin, J., Pierfederici, S., Nahid-Mo barakeh, B., Molinas, M. (2014). A new discrete-time modelling of PWM converters for stability analysis of DC microgrid. Proc Electrimacs14, 1-6.16 Zadeh, M. K., Gavagsaz-Ghoachani, R., Martin, J. P., Pierfederici, S., Nahid-Mobarakeh, B., Molinas, M. (2015, March). Discrete-time modelling, stability analysis, and active stabilization of dc distribution systems with constant power loads. In Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2015 IEEE (pp. 323-329). IEEE.17 Zenger, K., Altowati, A., Suntio, T. (2006, November). Stability and performance analysis of regulated converter systems. In IEEE Industrial Electronics, IECON 2006-32nd Annual Conference on (pp. 1975-1980). IEEE.Attachment 1 Timeline ChartAttachment 2 Risk Assessment ground substanceRisk ReferenceRisks offspringsCurrentRisk TreatmentsCurrent Level of RiskAdditionalRisk TreatmentsResidual Level of RiskLikelihoodConsequenceRisk LevelRankingLikelihoodConsequenceRisk LevelRankingSUP non available on ca mpusNot get enough informationContact through mail000LNot required000LHLTH-1Health problemDelay in project sentry go needed011LNot required000LHLTH-2 middle related problemEye burningVery less chance112LWear glasses122LPER-1Family issuesNot concentre on workWork management223MProgress work122MPER-2sicknessReduce work efficiencyTake rest011MTake medicines012MEQP-1Laptop not workingLost dataBackup or save file223LOnline store blot out001LCMP-1Cable not workingNot charging properlyProtect the cable111LExtra cable001LCMP-2Tough screen problemNot getting dataUse keyboard001LNot required000LSFT-1Software not availableWork delayTry another software012LNot required000LActivity Overall Risk paygrade0.00LOw

The Subject Of Human Rights And Globalisation Politics Essay

The Subject Of Human Rights And Globalisation Politics EssayThe subject atomic number 18a on gentlemans gentlemans being remunerate and globalisation atomic number 18 non easy topics to discuss, mainly because of different connotation and understanding of the terms globalisation and tender honorables. most scholars defined Globalization, as conceived process that turns the world into a global market for goods and services dominated and steered by the plyful gigantic multi topic corporations and governed by the dominion of profit1. In which scholars argue that just the human rights of the people in the world, particularly in the south in general ontogeny countries be critically be in this context scholars view globalization as posing new treats not adequately governed by existing international human rights2. On otherwise hand, globalization is seen as turning the intact world into one global village in which all peoples argon change magnitudely unified and all the fences or barriers be detached, so that the world witnesses a new state of fast and drop off flow of people, capital, goods and ideas. In this context globalization is bringing prosperity to all the corners of the globe, and spreading human right and uncaringdom as well as scarceice, human rights and globalization argon then viewed as two topics mutually reinforcing and autocratic in improving human well-being.3The topic of Human right and Globalization are subject of discussion among scholars and policy makers in the world today, where there are clear pictures on how Globalization has positively contri thoed to the universality of human rights and created to a greater extent potential for its promotion across the world, virtually scholars disagree with this assumption and argue that, to some instance globalization put human rights in danger. This paper examines the impacts of globalization and it achievement of human rights with focus it will explore the interaction link ing the state and no(prenominal) states with the market to evaluate the effects of globalization on the accomplishment of human rights standards in the world.Working with the definition cited by Allan (2009), that sees Globalization as process that turns the whole world into one global village in which all peoples are increasingly interconnected and all the fences or barriers are removed, so that the world witnesses a new state of fast and free flow of people, capital, goods and ideas. One will say that globalization has positively contributed to human rights, as these processes allows non regimeal actors to be mingled with transnational sociable movement networks, increasing consciousness and randomness politics that sustain potential to address both traditional and emerging forms of human rights violation. correspondence this global village phenomenon allows scholars to look deeply on transnational integration and increased mobility has simultaneously strengthened the nouri shion of individual rights and the dignity of individuals. At its gist globalization is the interrelationships, interconnection, and interdependence of all the countries of the world. It is the spread of capitalism across the globe bringing with it both opportunities of business and a flow of capita. However, it is more than just free trade the forces that allow businesses to operate beyond national borders allow activists, journalists, and scholars to work on a global scale. in this context, Globalization resulted in a meaningful loss of control and sovereignty for the state4, its argued by Apodaca (2001) that states no longer take charge a control over the allocation of public goods and services5, instruction is gained by everybody either through internet or international media, people get access to foreign information and this is believed to realize contributed positively to spread of human right around the globe6. While some nation states still restricts it citizens to acc ess international news, like the case of china, scholars still argue that Globalizations has weakened policy-making sympathies agent to control people movements. In other word globalization has also lead to a noticeable empowerment of actors such(prenominal) as transnational corporations, civil society groups and inter judicatureal economic shapings, and lead to a rapid training of human rights.7In short due to modify technology, less government interferences, and free movement of people and goods, globalization increased media coverage draws the attention of the world to human right violations, which leads to improvement in human rights. As argued by Marquardt that globalization offers great opportunities to generate more universal observance of human rights, but it also poses serious dangers to the fundamental rights of the individual8.Moreover, globalization is essentially a synonym for global business and is personified by three organizations the knowledge domain Bank, th e International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). These organizations are at the center of a great debate over the virtues and evils of globalization. There are galore(postnominal) convincing arguments both against and in favor of globalization. For positive side, scholars argue that globalization of capital contributes positively to the universality of human rights as it permits a flow of capital to the most productive and resourceful business projects. This trend is believed to boost profits, which make the economy grow, which mostly results in constructive social goals, such as higher employment levels that improves living standards, education become affordable, lower taxes, and larger capital expenses on people, in areas such as health care which play very significant role in improving human conditons. Globalization of capital in plus is believed to bind remarkably developed and increased attention to womens rights and incorporation of womens human rights into the human rights discourse (Moghadam 2005). It has also created economical opportunities for women. Though, many of these opportunities are formed in sweatshops and low payment jobs. Nevertheless, they increase women participation in the economy, even if it is largely in the informal sector the potential demand of empowering women is increasing (Mae, Bayes et al. 2000).Furthermore, supporters of globalization argue that, while the state is the agent charged with the protection and promotion of human rights, it is also traditionally the primary violator of those rights.9Kind models of globalization press that the liberalization of markets reinforces human rights by encouraging growth and plunging the authority of the state. Without a doubt, a number of studies on human rights, defined as physical unity rights, do indicate a connection between economic instruction, conventionally calculated by GDP, and the higher attainment of human rights. The right to personal fair p lay is essential in that, the exclusive of these rights, no human can survive without being in panic for his or her life and well-being. Scholars have revealed that there is an rarefied level of individual integrity infringements in underdeveloped countries. The free market or liberal economic policies, it is believed, that it will not only promote development in poor countries but in addition it will uphold civil liberties and democracy. It was argued by Moore as cited by Apodaca (2001) that,economic liberalization is also thinning the power of the governments by removing capital out of the hands of the state and making it accessible for of individuals to get financial resources, these are those individual are those who search not just for legal protection but moreover greater influence in policies affecting them10. this demonstrate that globalization in this regard is privileging individuals and weakening abusive governments.Scholars have been studying the issue of multinational corporations in connection to human rights, and the result seem to be more positive than one might aspects, according to Richards and Gellenys quantifiable studies, there are key points that are indentified to be positively influential to human rights specifically in Less Developed Countries (LDCs). First property rights, is argued to be influential to investors who would prefer to invest in a nation where property rights are respected and where rule of law is followed, that gives them guaranty that their property and investments will be respected. Moreover, labour policies are additional concerns that most MNCS look at before investing as argued MNCs evaluate labor and wage policies, which including as well the right of workers to organize, safety standards, social welfare policies and wage rate11. Reputation is an additional point that is believed to bsse influential for investors, Richards and Gelleny argue that companies may seek to improve their reputation by associating thei r product with improving human rights. Otherwise they may run the risk of being exposed to an embarrassing media campaign highlighting their connections to regimes that abuses human rights12. Additionally to their findings, Richards and Gelleny observed that countries where government respect open political participation and open media and freedom of worship and free movement of its people MNCs appear willing to invest.There are known to be additional benefit of Globalization in connection to human rights, these including education and access to new technology, as its argue by Stiglitz that, globalization has reduced the sense of isolation felt in much of the developing world and has given many people in the developing countries access to companionship well beyond the reach of even the wealthiest in any country a century ago13. He further argue that foreign aid, is an additional aspect of the globalized world, which has brought benefits to millions, ofttimes in ways that have almo st gone unnoticed, globalization in this way provide help for educational services for those who had no information for instance in HIV/Aids prevention, its helps in other projects that were ignored by nation governments.In contrast, the benefits of globalization on human rights are not universal. As most scholars argues, Globalization has increased the gap of poverty, that makes the rich are getting richer and the poor are becoming more poorer. Those who reject the view that Globalization contributed positively to human rights argue that Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce gilded goods. These arguments are issues that one should take into consideration when debating the impact of globalization on human rights, as it provide us with evidence how inequality and poverty are measured and what the results of such measurements are. Additionally, those on the opposit ion to the benefit of globalization on human rights argue that the influence of the World Bank- and IMF and their geomorphological adjustment policies that include privatization of the economy, has made Multinational Companies and corporations which were previously dependent to commercial activities to have increasingly influence on political decisions of developing countries, this lead to governments softness to maintain social welfare in developing countries. As is argued by Dr Samir Naim-Ahmed thatSince the Universal declaration of Human rights in 1948 many countries of the world ,whether in the conglutination or the south succeed in enhancing the implementation of human rights , particularly in the economic, social and cultural domains simply through policies of subsidizing food, housing and services such as health care , transportation ,sanitation, culture and education . Many countries, particularly in the south made considerable achievements in the field of the right to w ork simply by taking decisions to protect local industries from competition and thus creating job opportunities for their population.14Moreover, a scholar against globalization in relation to human rights like Alison Brysk (2002) argues that social rights and economic rights have been mostly abandoned both in terms of international recognition and policy implementation. He further argues that The late(a) phase of globalization enriched some but did not improve the human rights conditions for a large segment of the world population.15It was further argued by Apocade that Labor rights and social services have been denied by the upward trend of neoliberal policies. Improvements in civil and political rights have been rough, mostly symbolic, and perhaps unsustainable. Especially since the attacks of September 11, 2001,16national security and order have reemerged as values that are considered to be more important, and that can be maintained only at the expense of human freedoms. Measures taken by the United States and its allies in connection to their war on terror show the fragility of human rights that were assumed to be well-established and plug at least in mature Western democracies. Moreover, scholars argue that due to free markets and a rapid access to goods, Terrorists have access to classy armaments increasing their ability to inflict damage. As the case of Terrorists use the Internet for communicating which create more treat to the world?Its has been disputed that, the strictness agendas imposed by financial institutions have some very unenthusiastic outcomes on the people living in developing countries, those against globalization argue that demands from global financial organization has formed perhaps the strongest form of reliance since the beginning of dependence. In order for a state to be eligible for financial support from global organizations, the government must approach its economic policies to meet the terms with the regulations and standards r ecognized by the main actors. Thus, states in required of credits give up their administrative power to global agencies such as the World Bank, the IMF, or the World Trade Organization (WTO)17. With Many MNCs having superior resources than many Third World states. Third World countries rely on those corporations for financial support, monetary flows, industrial transfers, and employment opportunities for their citizens. Economic globalization thus exploits the developing world cheap labor, minimal skill transmission, restrictions on technology transfers, and no long-term commitment to stay or reinvest in a countrys economy. Consequently, foreign capital reinforces and strengthens repression in developing countries. To attract or assert foreign investment, governments must lower business costs, thus suppressing labor demands and reducing corporate taxation rates. Moreover, Corporations are growing constantly the power of which must not be underestimated. For example, it can damage l iberty with inhumane working conditions, child labor or the ruthless destruction of the environment and hence the fundamentals of life. The mind as to whether and how such power is controllable raises explosive legal and economic issues.18A more negative view of developing countries integration into the global economy, often attributed to dependency or neo-Marxist theorists, holds that multinational corporation activity contributes to human rights abuses. Its argued that due to these conditions and the level of poverty in developing countries many MNCs have larger revenues than many developing countries states. Third World countries are dependent on MNCs for trade, financial flows, technological transfers, and employment opportunities for their citizens. Economic globalization thus exploits the developing world cheap labor, minimal skill transmission, restrictions on technology transfers, and no long-term commitment to stay or reinvest in a countrys economy. Consequently, foreign c apital reinforces and strengthens repression in developing countries. To attract or preserve foreign investment, governments must lower business costs, thus suppressing labor demands and reducing corporate taxation rates. It was argued by Apodaca (2001) that due to weaknesses of governments, if government officials attempt to enact unfriendly policies, the result could lead to capital flight, loss of tax revenues, and massive unemployment. States may feel that they have no option but to entertain MNCs if they want to increase their economies, employment, and tax revenues19.The discussion on globalization and human right has lead scholars to look at the issue of culture and human rights, its has well provided topic of discussion that most policy makers seem to disagree on, the issue of The Western human rights approach which primarily focuses on civil and political rights to the effective segregation of economic and social rights. These arguments are based on what Pieterse cites the conceived understanding of Globalization in sense that the world is becoming more changeless and standardized, through a technological, commercial, and cultural synchronization emanating from the west, and that globalization is tied up with modernity20. Moreover, the thrust of social and political rights believed to be a way to protect the individual from the unrestrained power of the state which seem to be different in Asia21, as it was cited by Apodaca that political and civil rights, for Asian-values advocates, may be deferred until other, more pressing, economic rights are met. It was further argued by Apodaca that to accelerate economic development and to maintain a stable political environment, a state may have to resort to authoritarian governing practices, often suppressing labor demands and political opposition22 this was a scandalous exposure in a 1993 declaration, Singapores then Minister for contrasted Affairs Wong Kan Seng declared a cited by Apodaca (2002) that Pover ty makes a mockery of all civil liberties. Poverty is an obscene violation of the most fundamental of individual rights. Economic growth is the necessary foundation of any system that claims to advance human dignity, and that order and stability are essential for development.23 it was argued by Wong as cited in Apodaca (2002), if political and civil human rights are an obstacle to economic progress, they would not be accepted, and an overemphasis on individual rights would retard the process of development. For many Asian leaders and policy makers, according to Apodaca economic rights are the most fundamental of rights, while political and civil rights are viewed as a luxury to be considered only once everyone is fed24. In short, those against globalization in connection to human right argue that, the results of globalization are the way many people have been poor and for many countries social and political instability and chaos. They further argue that IMF has made mistakes in all the areas it has been involved in developments, crisis management, and in countries making the spiritual rebirth from communism where it was believed that human rights were not respected to capitalism. The most divisive topic in rejection of globalization and human rights is structural adjustment programs which resulted to failure of most states that were hoping to benefits from it, in contrast it created a gape between the poor and rich. As the case of education in developing countries, where more social services are restricted by the by the IMF, health care as well are known to be been affected by the structural adjustment program. All these are known to have negative impact on human rights globally. While most scholars discuss the benefit of Globalization is sense of connection and creation of a global village, a place where people from all over the world meet and move freely, one will argue that this is just a possible action but in actual sense these movements of people are r estricted by developed nations, people are not as free as it sound to get American visa, or European visa.In conclusion, Markowitz argues that globalization and human rights are known as wide conditional fields that hold expressive and descriptive power and as political, juridical, economic and cultural development and institutions. Presenting promises of liberation from restraining national limits and substitute to caste, gender and a racial hierarchy, the discourse of globalization and human rights offers avenues for resisting local structures of power and asserting identity claims via supranational organizations and the state25. While there are still resistance on how much is globalization improving human right , based on the above arguments one will still close this debate by stating that the situation of human rights has improved in general compared to previous centuries, where slavery was dominant, colonization was the leading mode and government were not democratic. For insta nce, due to globalization one can argue that the rights of women and children are seen to be better and recognized as well as safeguarded than in earlier times this might be associated as well to the need for development and the interconnection that globalization is promoting. Moreover, freedom of expression has been facilitated via internet where activists have chance to rise their voice freely (though this might not be easy in countries like china but there are seen to be improvement due to the globalized technology), freedom of religious belief is a very hassleatic problem due to the war on terrorism. Freedoms of movements is known to have improved in the last decades due to increasing technology, this allows human rights activist to move and get information easily that ever before. In addition, the modern means of communication helps in realization of person and people rights.

Cracking Ciphers Through Mathematics

crack cocaine Ciphers Through MathematicsMath ExplorationCracking incompatible CiphersRationaleFrom the old-fashioned cartridge clips to the modern font day cryptography has played an important role in our lives. This mathematics exploration is going to look at different enters ranging from Monoalphabetic to car driven nought. The of import use of ciphers is to protect sensitive in micturateation when it is being send on paper or digitally. In the 100 BC the Caesar cipher was used by Julius Caesar to send contents to his general which included strategies for war. instantaneously a days these ciphers bottom of the inning be break instantly employ a computing device which sires these ciphers very unsecure. In this exploration I will look at the Caesar Cipher, Vigenre cipher, Hill Cipher and the Enigma Code motorcar. The Enigma code machine was one of the some fascinating machines I have encountered in my life. It was a complicated machine and could have been unbreakable if the Germans hadnt had the flaw. After the war end It was thanks to Ultra (project associated with the cracking of the Enigma) that we won the war. Winston Churchill to King George VI. All the ciphers being explored in this exploration have been cracked using mathematics.Monoalphabetic Substitution CipherCaesar exchange CipherThe Caesar Shift Cipher was used by Julius Caesar and thus is named after him. This cipher was used to encrypt military meanss. The Caesar cipher is a type of reversal cipher. The Caesar cipher was decrypted 800 years after its creation by an Arab mathematician Al-Kindi using the handle of oftenness analysis.The Caesar Shift Cipher used the English letters and shifted each letter by 3 places to encrypt it. For Example In this example let the alphabet be x and the cipher text will be x+3. superfluous Text Number012345678910111213141516171819202122232425Plain textabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwzyzCipher TextDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWZYZABCThe plain text is attack the cas tle at dawn. This is shortly plain text and if Caesar send it to his military his enemies could advantageously find out. But when it is encrypted applying the formulae(x) = (x + k) (mod 26)Using the formula above where x is the plain text weigh and k is the physical body by which the cipher is shifted and modulo 26 is the total number of alphabets in the English language. This leads us to the encrypted message from Caesar would be dwwdfn wkh fdvwoh dw gdzq this message could be solo decrypted only by the people who knew the shift value. There are only 25 possibilities in this cipher which makes it relatively easier to crack than other ciphers. In the modern age this type of cipher stern be decoded in seconds make the message being transmitted very unsecure.Breaking the Caesar CipherThis Cipher was cracked using a method called frequency analysis which bases on the some letters occurring more than other. This process was discovered by Al-Kindi in the 9th century.As we can see f rom the frequency analysis of the English language there is a lot of repetition of the word e. consequently making it easier to crack the Caesar Cipher or any other similar kind of substitution ciphers. To crack this cipher when we are looking at the encrypted test find the letters that are occurring the around which will tell us the shift needed for the cipher text.For example nmfajfxjhwjyrjxxfljktwymjljsjwfqUsing the text without spaces makes it harder for the person trying to decode without the linchpin. Now as we can see from the encrypted message above if we use the frequency analysis method we find that j repeats 8 judgment of convictions and if we assume that j is represented as e then it has a shift of 5 alphabets in this cipher.e(x) = (x k) (mod 26)Now we use the above equation in which we now subtract the shift and manifold with modulo 26. After decrypting the final message we have is ihaveasecretmessagefromthegeneral.Polyalphabetic Substitution CipherVigenre CipherT he Vigenre Cipher method was originally described by Giovan Battista Bellaso in his 1553 book La cifra del. Sig. Giovan Battista Bellaso. This method was later misattributed to Blaise de Vigenre in the 19th century thus liberal the cipher the name Vigenre cipher. Vigenre cipher is method that uses a series of different Caesar ciphers based on a lettered keyword. This cipher is a form of polyalphabetic substitution.In this cipher we make a key before encrypting the message so that it is a bit more secure. In this method the key shifts the alphabets according to its position. In this encryption the key needs to be known for the person decrypting it because there are about 26n possibilities where n is the number of letters in the string.For example let the code be mybirthdayisinjanuary and lets take the key to be mathPlain Textmybirthdayisinjanuary signalisemathmathmathmathmathmEncrypted TextyyupdtakmybzunchzutykThus the encrypted text cannot be broken easily and if someone tried with out a key there are 265 1.2 X 107 possibilities unlike the Caesar cipher with just 25 possibilities.Decrypting the Vigenre cipherThe first crack for the Vigenre cipher was discovered in 1854 by British Cryptographer Charles Babbage. This Vigenre cipher can now be easily cracked in the modern day cryptography using the Kasiski analysis method to crack this cipher. To crack a Vigenre cipher the most difficult part is to find the length of the key.The method used to find the key uses repeating patterns and finds the distance between the patterns. This can be done using the Crypto-Corner tool which will find the periods of the repeating patterns. Then using the frequency analysis we can decrypt the message.For example let the encrypted code be GZEFWCEWTPGDRASPGNGSIAWDVFTUASZWSFSGRQOHEUFLAQVTUWFVJSGHRVEEAMMOWRGGTUWSRUOAVSDMAEWNHEBRJTBURNUKGZIFOHRFYBMHNNEQGNRLHNLCYACXTEYGWNFDRFTRJTUWNHEBRJNow to decrypt it just put the code in the crypto-corner tool and it gives us a repeating period of 3. Which leaves us with 3 separate Caesar shifts to decrypt this message using the frequency analysis.The image above shows the encrypted message and the decrypted message. It also shows us the key used to encrypt this message. This was done using frequency analysis for iii Caesar shift ciphers. After the cipher is decrypted the key is discovered to be NSA. It is a relatively easy cipher to crack but can be time consuming using a computer brute force attack. The main uses of Vigenre cipher was in the military to send secrets to allies so the enemy could not decrypt it easily. As this cipher took me around 4 minutes to crack using the tool.Diagraph Substitution CipherHill CipherThe Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher which is based on linear algebra. It was invented by Lester Hill in 1929 it was the first polygraphic cipher in which it was possible to operate on more than three symbols at once.Plain Text Number012345678910111213141516171819202122232425Plain textabcdefg hijklmnopqrstuvwxyzThe main idea behind hill cipher is to convert the plain text into numbers and separate into blocks and then covert them into mainstay intercellular substance. Then it is multiplied by a key of the form .The result of this is multiplied by modulo 26 which keeps the numbers in a cycle of 0 to 25. The matrix in the form obtained by this method is then covered back to a non-column form and then to plain text.For example lets take the word TROJANHORSES which converts to 19, 17, 14, 9, 0, 13, 7, 14, 17, 18, 4 and 18.Now let the key that is known by the person who is encrypting and decrypting be.Thus now we divide the plain text numbers into two column matrix and multiply by our key.Thus this encryption gives us a cipher text ETRVNNLGBUOU from the original text TORJANHORSE the Hill cipher overcomes the problems related to frequency analysis associated with the Caesar shift cipher.Decryption of Hill CipherFor the decryption process of the Hill cipher the reverse of the key is done. To make it into the form thus making the encryption matrix key used in the example into the form.Now we calculate the determinant of the encryption key is = (5*3) (3 * 2) = 9A-1 = 9-1 mod 26To impersonate rid of the mod 26 we take modulo inverse of the determinant and thus it gives us. This can sometimes be a problem because if the determinant of a matrix is not a co-prime number to the 26. Then it is not invertible and thus we cannot decipher the text.A-1 = 9-1 Thus 9-1 mod 26 is 3 as per the modulus tables of multiplicative inverse modulo and modulo of A-1 = 3 A-1 = = mod 26The decryption key now is now we multiply the cipher text ETRVNN which will give us TROJANThus the deciphered text is TROJAN which makes this cipher weak if a person is aware of the keys as it might not take a lot of time to do this by hand. Also nowadays the computer can easily crack this cipher given the key is present with the person cracking it. Cracking this cipher can be easily done t hese days using a brute force attack on the cipher and it took me around 40 seconds to break the code. Which indicates it is relatively insecure to use hill cipher to code the text today to send secret messages as it can be intercepted and easily decrypted.Machine Driven CipherEnigma Code CipherThe Enigma code cipher was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of military man War I. It was used to send encrypted messages to German U-Boats and communicate between German military. During the World War II it was adopted by the Nazi Germany to send and fetch encrypted messages from German army or the Air Force.The Enigma machine uses a key batting order on which the operator types the message he wants to encrypt. Then the message goes to the 3 rotors these rotors approve of 3 different types of rotors a tight rotor which turns when a letter is types. Then a medium rotor which turns when the fast rotor completes a disclosure and the slow rotor which rotates when the medium rotor completes a revolution. After the plain text has gone through the three rotors it reverses and goes again through the slow, medium and fast rotor to the common scold board. The German army had a choice of choosing 3 rotors from a set of 5 rotors and the rotors could be set in any orientation.The number of ways the rotors can be positioned from a set of 5 are = 60 possibilities.The different graveling positions of the rotors as they were changed every day giving 263 = 17576 possibilities of different codes. The 1-26 numbers on the three rotors represent the alphabets from a-z. After the letter is plain text in touch on the enigma it goes through chaw board to the 3 rotors and gets ciphered. Then the cipher text goes back to the plug board usually the plug board would have been connected to the 10 wires which connected 20 alphabets together. Thus if the ciphered text is connected to a wire it would light up the alphabet it might be connected to.For example if the letter h was pressed it would go to the plug board then through the circuit it goes through the 3 rotors which cipher the plain text 3 times. After that it returns back to the plug board as letter M which is connected to the letter A and thus the bulb connected to letter A lights up. The number of possibilities on the plug board areThe possibilities that are displayed above are the total theoretical possibilities for changing the plug board setting in different orientation giving ways. The total number of possible ways the settings of the enigma could be changed into are(Possibilities the settings could be changed into. Thus making it really difficult to solve by indite and paper. The use of computer is really essential to break a code which has been encrypted using enigma.Decrypting Enigma code cipherTo decrypt the enigma code the German army distributed a sheet which contained the settings for each day of the month. So the side receiving the code can set the settings and then ty pe the code using the keyboard which reverses the process and after typing the plain text blinks on the light panel.The enigma code was cracked by the allies during the World War II by the Alan Turing and his team consisting of mathematicians. The flaws that helped decrypting the enigma code cipher was that if a letter was typed it wouldnt place the same letter in the cipher text. For example if a person typed B in code the cipher would be something like X but never B.To break the code Alan Turing built a give out machine which checked all the Possibilities of settings and took only 20 minutes to break the code.For example let the plain text message be THISISAVERYSECRETMESSAGE as I dont have access to an enigma machine using an online simulator. The cipher text using the rotor order as VI-I-II, the rotor start as EGW (5, 7, 23), the ring setting as JEN and the plug board setting as QF XV SM YH JL KC GP IO UN ZD. Now when we encode this message we use the encoding setting as EHU and the cipher text is UVATHXTYABCBRSDXJPHFEXLN. To decrypt this message either a brute force attack which took around 7 minutes or if the settings are provided use a decryption tool online to decrypt the cipher text to plain text.BibliographyEkert, A. (n.d.). Cracking codes. Plus.maths.org. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//plus.maths.org/content/cracking-codesCaesar cipher. (n.d.). Princeton University. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from https//www.princeton.edu/achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Caesar_cipher.htmlCasselman, B. (n.d.). Feature tugboat from the AMS. American Mathematical Society. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-enigmaClark, D. R. (n.d.). Vigenre Cipher. Crypto Corner. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//crypto.interactive-maths.com/vigenegravere-cipher.htmlintroClark, D. R. (n.d.). Hill Cipher. Crypto Corner. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//crypto.interactive-maths.com/hill-cipher.html2x2encyptCount On Codebreak ing The Vigenre Cipher. (n.d.). Count On Codebreaking The Vigenre Cipher. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//www.counton.org/explorer/codebreaking/vigenere-cipher.phpCrypto. (n.d.). Practical graphy. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//practicalcryptography.com/ciphers/hill-cipher/Crypto. (n.d.). Practical graphy. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//practicalcryptography.com/ciphers/vigenere-gronsfeld-and-autokey-cipher/Crypto depth psychology to Crack Vigenre Ciphers. (n.d.). IB Maths Resources. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//ibmathsresources.com/2014/05/31/crypto-analysis-to-crack-vigenere-ciphers/Cunningham, Z., Mabey, M. (n.d.). Security Ninja. Security Ninja. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//csilm.usu.edu/securityninja/index.pspEllis, C. (n.d.). Exploring the Enigma. Plus.maths.org. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//plus.maths.org/content/exploring-enigmaEnigma machine. (2014, October 27). Wikipedia. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from https//en.wi kipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machineLyons, J. (n.d.). Crypto. Practical graphy. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//practicalcryptography.com/cryptanalysis/Simpson, R. (n.d.). Cipher Machines. Cipher Machines. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//ciphermachines.com/enigmaSingh, S. (n.d.). The disgraceful Chamber. Caesar Cipher. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//www.simonsingh.net/The_Black_Chamber/caesar.htmlSingh, S. (n.d.). The Black Chamber. Vigenere Cipher. Retrieved October 21, 2014, from http//www.simonsingh.net/The_Black_Chamber/vigenere_cipher.htmlSutherland, S. (n.d.). 3 The Caesar Cipher and Modular Arithmetic. 3 The Caesar Cipher and Modular Arithmetic. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//www.math.sunysb.edu/scott/papers/MSTP/crypto/3Caesar_Cipher.htmlVestergaard, E. (n.d.). The German cipher machine Enigma. Enigma. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http//www.matematiksider.dk/enigma_eng.htmlVigenre cipher. (n.d.). Vigenre cipher. Retrieved October 22, 2014, from https//www.princeton.edu/achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher.html

Meditation: Does it Alter the Mind and the Body? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Meditation Does it Alter the Mind and the Body?BEEP BEEP BEEP 900 am starts flashing on your alarm clock and you immediately run through your to do list for the day. Its a long list, filled with classes, meetings, homework, meals, exams...etc. Being the master of multitasking, I have a tendency to achieve various tasks at once. As a result, my concentration level decreases while my stress level increases. How can this lack of concentration and stress level be fixed? Many people turn to meditation, but does this practice actually work? And if so, how does meditation work to change the mind and the body?Meditation is define as ...engagement in contemplation, especially of a spiritual or devotional nature...an attempt to concentrate mind on a single form or an idea or an aspect of divinity at the exclusion of all other forms and the ideas. The mind is focused inwards, and this effort of concentration acts as stimulus to accession access to the knowledge of the object of meditation (1 ). The practice of meditation involves both psychological and physiological changes. For example, the altering of breathing patterns and thought processes. But does meditation take on mental and physical change? Meditation forces an singular to gain complete control of their inner self. But, what exactly is the inner self? The subconscious is an integral division of the internal mind. It is located deep in the core of the mind, acting as the center of emotions, behavior, creativity, and imagination. In addition, subconscious maintains good health (2). Does meditation allow an individual to open the hidden doors of the subconscious mind? What is the difference between the subconscious and conscious mind? You can think of the conscious mind as cognize knowledge while the subconscious mind is unknown knowledge. Meditation taps into the subconscious mind and uncovers veiled realities about the inner self. To investigate whether meditation affects the mind, studies were performed on subjects practicing meditation techniques. In conclusion, the experimenters discovered an increase in productivity, improved relations at work, increased inner potential, increased strength of self-concept, and reduced anxiety (3). each(prenominal) these factors can be thought of as being an element of an individuals subconscious mind because it involves behavior and thought procedures. Moreover, the focus of one image steers an individual away from multitasking and toward greater concentration. In a sense, an individual becomes more aware of their inner self as a result of focused attentiveness.

William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay example -- Shakespeare Witches Mac

The Witches or Weird Sisters play a major role in the brilliant tragedy Macbeth by William Shakespeare. The role of the Weird Sisters represents that equivocal sin in the nature of things which helps to deceive the human will. They are not mere witches although they have some of the powers of witches. Even though they were produced by nature, they share with angels a freedom from limitation of space and time, a power to perceive the causes of things, and to see some distance into human minds (Kermode 1309). The Witches have catty intentions and prophetic powers that entice Macbeth and captivate his mind. Although they have no power to compel Macbeth, the Witches appeal to Macbeths desires, eventually leading him to his tragic end.The most obvious edition of the Witches is to see them as manifestations of evil in the world. They exist to tempt and torment people, to challenge their faith in themselves and their society. The Weird Sisters work on Macbeth by equivocation, that is, by ambiguous promises of some future state. These promises come true, nevertheless not in the way that the victim originally believed. The Witches have no power to compel belief, but they can obviously appeal strongly to an already existing inclination to force a persons will onto events to shape the future to forgather deepest desires (Corson 224-229).At the beginning of Macbeth, there is no interpretation of the meaning of the storm. Dimly the audience is aware of the ongoing war, but Hecate creates an infernal trinity. Lightning, thunder, and rain all rotate into existence the three hideous curses upon humanity, the three Weird Sisters (Walker 146).1Witch When shall we three meet again?In thunder, lightning, or in rain?2Witch When the hurly-burlys done,When the battles lost and won.3Witch That will be ere the set of sun.1Witch Where the place?2Witch Upon the heath.3Witch There to meet with Macbeth.1Witch I come, Graymalkin2Witch Paddock calls3Witch Anon All Fair is foul, and fou l is fair.Hover through the mist and filthy air.(I.i.1-10).These creepers of darkness that guide the Witches invoke the evil that eventually destroys Macbeth. Graymalkin, the night-se... ...er come. That will never be,(IV.i.93), he replies, as the Witches listen and laugh in silence shrewd they have defeated Macbeth by encouraging equivocations.The Witches are gleeful over their victim whose eyeballs have been seared by what has been shown to him. The First Witch secerns Come, sisters, cheer we up his sprites,/And show the best of our delights/ Ill charm the air to give a sound,/While you perform your antic round,/That this great king may kindly say/Our duties did his welcome pay.(IV.i.125-130). This expresses implicitly all that has been set forth in regard to the relations of the Witches to Macbeth. He is the first to welcome them as guest to his bosom, and they do their profession by him as agents of the devil (Corson 242). Although the witches have no power to compel Macbet h, they appealed to what he has previously desired, eventually leading him to his tragic end. They have originated nothing at heart him. They have but harped upon what was already evil and stimulated these thoughts into acts (Corson 242). In his last scene, the Witches urge him on by more flattering equivocations, each turning false, luring Macbeth to an evil end.