Health Issues In Gender, Age and Ethnicity Essay

Health Issues In Gender, Age and Ethnicity - Essay Example makes the individuals have an inaccurate discernment of their appearance and have an intense feeling and need to lose weight even when they are thin, posing an harm to their health status. Anorexia is a common disorder among women in United Kingdom. According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists (2015), 95% of people suffering from anorexia in United Kingdom are women. Though the actual numbers of people suffering from anorexia is not known since most cases go undiagnosed, it is estimated that 5% of women aged between 15 and 30 in United Kingdom suffer from anorexia. The Royal College of Psychiatrists (2015) also suggests that women between the age of 15 and 30 have a high probability than men of suffering from anorexia. This makes women ten times more likely to suffer from anorexia. It is estimated that 10% of women in United Kingdom suffering from anorexia succumb to it every year. Anorexia is a common disorder among the age bracket of 15 to 30 years and may become severe leading to

Evolution of the Human Hearing Essay Example for Free

Evolution of the Human Hearing Essay Evolution of the Human HearingIntroductionThe human ear has two major functions: ensuring body balance and sound detection. The balancing mechanism seems to have evolved earlier than the hearing mechanism. Early developing vertebrates had balancing organs, but they have no cochlea. A good example is fish. The basic function of the human ear is to sense sound. Sound is a compression of wave, which travels via a medium. For vertebrates, the medium perceived is air. Sound waves can travel through other mediums, such as water or ground. Hearing is a result of vibration of the surrounding medium that resonates parts of the body. The resonance is then transformed into electrical signals such that they can be interpreted by the human ear. The way human beings recognize sound has undergone changes since the discovery of the ear. Land vertebrates, birds, reptiles and mammals evolved primitively from amphibians, specifically the primitive fish. The formation of the inner ear started during the Devonian Period. There has been a debate whether the lateral line structure, a sensory system used to detect variations in pressure in amphibians, developed into the inner ear. Most scientists and researchers agree that the ear evolved from this lateral system. The lateral system is found beneath the skin of fish. It is a series of grooves and depressions with a group of hair cells, which lets the fish to adapt to variations in eddies and currents. According to (Duane, 1981) primitive fish possessed a simple sensory organ. The grooves evolved into the complex inner ear in vertebrates. The nerves cells in the human ear are adaptations of the earlier hair cells. In the course of evolution, a fish become more amphibious. Finally, it evolved into a land animal, which required a new sensory system to detect differences in air pressure. This was a way of improving their survival rates, such as danger recognition. According to (Clark, 2003) the Eustachian tube and the middle ear evolved from the respiratory mechanism of the fish, while the inner ear evolves from jaws. With time, the inner ear changed and developed. The part of the inner ear responsible for body balance evolved to the membrane of the oval window. The oval window is responsible for transmitting variations in air pressure. As this happened, the inner ear was growing bigger and bigger. In the fish, a tiny swell emerged in the vestibular of the ear. As the evolution progre ssed, the bulge evolved into a spiraled cochlea. This is what forms the hearing system of vertebrates. Gradually, fish evolved into amniotes, which are fully terrestrial vertebrates. Early amniotes did not have eardrums. According to (Gangestad, 2000) eardrums evolved six times in primitive amphibians, in anurans, in sysnapis, in diapsids (lizards, dinosaurs, and bids), in anapsids (turtles and its relatives), in reptiliomorphs and in temsnospondyls. According to paleontologists, our earliest ancestors breathed through their ears. According to (Gangestad, 2000) tubes that form the middle ear developed from gill-like structures that allowed sea creatures to breathe from back of their heads. Another study was done by ( Anthwal, 2012) which sought to examine 370-million-year old fossils, Panderichthyts. This is an immediate species between the amniotes and fish. The study reveals that Panderichthys had tiny bones in its skull that appeared similar to the early analogues of the gill system and the ear canals. The study suggests the canals are the ones which developed into true ears. This occurred after Panderichtys’s ancestors had become air breathers, freeing up their former gills structures for sensory functions. The study plays a critical role in understanding the evolution of the human ear. Our ability to ear relies on structures, which started as a gill opening in a fish, the study reveals. Human and all other vertebrates have special bones in the ear responsible for hearing. Ancient fish relied on the same structures to breath while in water. The study further argues that the human ear into a complex structure after animals established themselves on land. To draw valid conclusions, the study compared the fossil with its close cousin of the first land animals. In another fossil, Eustenopteron, a discovery of a small bone called hyomandibula was made. The bone later on developed a kink and blocked the gill opening. Furthermore, in early land animals like tetrapods Acanthostega, the bone receded, forming a larger opening. This is now a part of the middle ear in all vertebrates, including humans. A close study of the Panderichthys fossil offers scientists a crucial missing link between the ea rs and fish gill openings. According to (Anthwal, 2102) the characteristics are much more like those of tetrapods; there is no longer kink but the spiracle is widened and opened up. He found out that the hydomandibula is shorter, but rod-like in Eustenopteron. Another study of a hominid that was discovered in South Africa confirms that the human ear has undergone several changes. The fossil dated 1.9 million years was found to have several bones which are found on the modern human ear. However, the bones were not exactly the same. Three ear bones were identified. The malleus appeared to be human-like while the stapes and the incus appeared to resemble those of Chimpanzees. The study asserts that since the malleus of our early ancestors looks similar to ours, the changes of the bone must have occurred during our evolutionary history. The discovery is important in two ways. First, it suggests that ear ossicles are adult-sized and fully-formed at birth, but do not change in our lifetime. Second, the bones show that the hearing ability of ancient creatures was very different from that of modern humans. This is not necessarily, better or worse. But certainly, the hearing capability was different (Texas University, 2013). Following the discussion presented above, it can be noted that the human ear underwent several stages of evolution. The studies presented above clearly shows that the hearing capability of ancient creatures was different from that of modern humans. In addition to this, it can be noted that the human ear evolved from a simple gill structure all through jaw bones of a reptile. The following diagram summarizes our discussion. Diagram Adapted from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_05References Anthwal N. (2012). Evolution of the mammalian middle ear and jaw: adaptations and novel structures. Journal of Anatomy 221 (1): 1–96. Clark, A. G. (2003). Inferring nonneutral evolution from human-chimp-mouse orthologous gene trios. Science, 302(5652), 1960-1963. Duane T. Gish, The Mammal-like Reptiles, Impact, no. 102, December 1981. Gangestad, S. W. (2000). The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behavioral and brain sciences, 23(04), 573-587.Texas AM University. (2013, May 13). Prehistoric ear bones could lead to evolutionary answers. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 22, 2014 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130513174048.htm Source document

Leadership Style of Men and Women Essay -- Gender Leader Leading Leade

Leadership Style of Men and Women Women do have different leadership styles from men. As Bodyshop founder Anita Roddick says: ‘I run my company according to feminine principles – principles of caring, making intuitive decisions, not getting hung up on hierarchy, having a sense of work as being part of your life, not separate from it; putting your labour where your love is, being responsible to the world in how you use your profits; recognising the bottom line should stay at the bottom’. The problem with actually mapping these differences is that the successful male managerial stereotype is so strongly embedded in organisational life that female managers are pressured to conform to it, thereby confusing research results. Interest in the impact of gender on leadership is relatively new. The first studies were conducted in the US in the early 1970s when male managers at nine insurance companies were asked to characterise ‘women in general’, ‘men in general’ and ‘successful managers’. Successful managers were overwhelmingly identified exclusively with male traits. Many similar studies have been carried out since that time and all have demonstrated that the successful managerial stereotype remains male. Women managers’ perceptions of the successful manager are only slightly less conclusive. Unlike the women managers in the 1970s and 1980s not all female managers today sextype the successful manager as male; however, no one, male or female, ever identifies the successful manager as feminine. Male, and only to a slightly lesser extent, female, managers continue to describe successful managers as possessing masculine traits, such as self-confidence, competitiveness, decisiveness, aggressiveness and independence. Positive differences Many managers, both male and female, agree that sex differences in management style do exist. Interestingly both describe women’s differences in positive terms. Yet when researchers ask managers to describe their own management styles they usually find no significant differences between genders. Does this mean no difference exists? No. What these findings reveal is the extent to which individuals characterise themselves in terms of dominant managerial values, in this case masculine behaviour. At the same time managers describe themselves in terms that fit with the prevailing rhetoric of good management practice, now... ...rrectness. Fear of the backlash that can arise if being critical of any woman, or challenging the current wisdom of how ‘femininity’ can add to the boardroom, maintains the myth of gender differences influencing work related performance. The way forward Today’s economic reality is oversupply. Too many products and services are chasing too few consumers. In order to get that, ‘extra 2%’ which will make the difference, each organisation has to look to itself. Helping people to become more motivated to sell or to provide a higher level of service, requires that staff and management improve dialogue and their internal communications. In effect, internal diversities need to be turned into unique strengths, which give the organisation that extra push. What is the value of sending men and women on separate courses or being given different treatment (unless a special case exists), when aim is to ‘pull together’ in order to survive and prosper? Managing diverse groups to achieve a cohesive philosophy and consistency of performance is what is required of today’s corporate leader. Evidence shows that women and men are as adept, or as bad, as each other at responding to this challenge.

Gang Violence Essay

No one attempts to see the factors such as poverty, homelessness, lack of opportunity are a major contributor to crime and the forming of delinquents in our community. Delinquency is defined as a failure to what law or duty requires. It is a behavior that is often times a result of poverty and inopportunity in youth’s life. Often time those who can obtain what they need through conventional means will use unconventional means such as crimes to obtain necessities due to having no job, no money, and lack of education. Gang members age from 13-18 years of age. However everyone knows a person who has lost a life due to gang violence or gang related activities. The biggest ethic groups involved in gangs are Latinos and Spanish. Although there trying to pass a law that states any gang related activity will serve from 2-3 years whether he or she is a minor or not. In my conclusion I came across that young men and women don’t wake up and decide to be this way, from the lack of love, care and attention at home, so they feel like an outcast and doesn’t have a positive role model to look up to and lean on in times of need. So when they join a gang they get the attention they being feeding for. â€Å"In order to succeed, your desire for success should be greater than your fear for failure.† –Bill Cosby There were 9% of females involved in gangs in year 2000 as of today there are 15% of females affiliated in gangs. Females are generally classified to four types of ways to join a gang. They can be violated or jumped in meaning a physical beating so she can prove her toughness, loyalty, and her commitment but women who choose to get sexed in a gang gets the least respect. Usually getting sexed in a gang is uncommon for females due to not having any respect and majority of the reason is to get respect from everyone. Children in a house hold that doesn’t have a male role model is mostly to be  a behavior child and if he or she isn’t getting enough attention they need it will cause them to find that attention in a gang or a group of people where they feel they will be cared for and loved. Most children join gangs because of peer pressure but majority is because of girls and money. For a little percent of children they become a part of a gang because of the things they don’t have and becoming a member of a gang it will be quick money but a lot of risk along with it. Usually they are only trying to help out there house hold but because of where there from they have no other choices, it’s almost like force. Gang related actives is most common in urban areas like Chicago they are the number 1 ranked in cities with the most gang violence, Detroit is not far behind it is ranked as number 5. Been said Gang Violence is an act from children who is crying out for attention and others who can’t help it because its where there from and is almost as if they have no choice. Due to low income homes and no jobs children go to the streets for help as a comfort zone.

Relevance of Shakespeare Macbeth Themes Essay

Taking the stage 400 years ago, when shakespeare was equipped with his magical wand and book of speels , he casted a miraculous charm upon the world leaving people everywhere spell bounded. From the wonderful pleasures of love to the dark enchanting delights of ambition, his expert flawless wizardry enabled his socerous charms to stun and stagger the world even to this day. There is virtually no one who doesn’t know this quote â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair† To know the bard, is to be a somebody. True fact. In particular there is a certain shakespeare play that strongly and rather brutally deals with those themes applicable and prevalent to today’s society. It’s a tale of loyalty, morality, guilt and conscience to lust, deception, betrayal, jealousy, ambition and greed. Add in the element of war and destiny and you’ve got Macbeth. Shakespeare has truly shaped, shifted and cultivated Macbeth to convey human emotions to his characters to the utmost extreme. He also demonstrated that its more satisfying to achieve goals than ill – gained means. Ambition and guilt, these themes are still relevant to today’s society. Eessntially the play Macbeth explores the temptation of absolute power and vaulting ambition. Iot’s relevant because Macbeth captures the many modern dilemmas and concerns today and the timeless nature of the human condition. Ambition was the driving force behind Macbeth. Normally, being ambitious is a good thing, it pushes people to not give up. Without ambition, people wouldn’t get very far, yet being overzealous with ambition also has it’s downfalls. â€Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent buy only vaulting ambition illustrates Macbeth’s ruthless obsession for power. There are two types of ambition Ambition Type 1 – naked and unchecked ambition – only benefiting themselves like Macbeth Ambition Type 2 – caring others above themselves like Banqou The play fiercely illustrates how being consumed by naked and unchecked ambition has its drastic consequences especially when it compromises your conscience or morality which is still applicable to today’s society. The world is full of ambition and people want to climb to the top. So being ambitious is like wielding a two-edged sword.

Bible Love Story Essays

Bible Love Story Essays Bible Love Story Essays The story of Samson and Delilah is a story of love, deceit and money. I want to begin with Delilah's story. She was a beautiful woman with a deep past and many lovers. She was a Philistine and by tradition, an enemy to any Hebrew. She lived in one of the cities in the valley of Sorek. Delilah chose Samson to be one of her lovers. Samson, a Hebrew warrior had already been married once. That marriage ended in death for his wife and her family. He thought himself to have been the cause of their deaths. Despite his record of violence, or perhaps because of it, he was a 'hero' to the Hebrew settlers. The Hebrew's were trying to find a place for themselves in this land that was already occupied by the Canaanites and Philistines. They looked for a hero and Samson's qualities of strength made him ideal as a fearless warrior who could protect them. The Hebrew settlers saw Samson as enormously strong. Someone they could county on. The people at that time believed this was because of ma gic or some special secret that gave him extraordinary power. Magic and spells were popular, it was believed that the right magic could protect a person, or help overcome enemies. The leaders of the Philistine cities believed that magic of some kind must be behind Samson's strength, so they decided to find out what that magic was. Some of the leaders were aware that Delilah was with Samson, that gave them and idea. They decided to approached Delilah and offer her a great deal of money, if she would find out the secret of Samson's strength. By this time Samson was in love with Delilah and Samson believed that Delilah was in love with him. But contrary to this, Delilah agreed to help them. She saw that the money they offered her was enough to free her from 'working' for the rest of her life. So she decided to help them, she herself was curious about his strength. Delilah started thinking about the ways she should ask him for his secret. She asked him three different times, on thre e different occasions what his secret was, and all three times he gave her a false answer. But eventually, he did tell her, what he believed to be true: He believed that his strength came from his long hair, that had never been cut. Delilah still wasn't sure if this was a truthful answer. He was not alone in this belief.

How to make a great impression in less than 3 minutes

How to make a great impression  in less than 3 minutes We’ve all been in this unfortunate situation: you’re walking around at work or elsewhere and unexpectedly run into your boss or some other influential person in your life and you’re†¦completely speechless. You’re caught totally off-guard, your mind goes blank, and you can’t think of a single thing to do or say- and even worse, it’s obvious that you’re in full panic mode, which only makes things worse. It’s a total nightmare, only you’re not asleep. The only thing left to do after this happens is to just walk away licking your wounds, hoping that you’ll figure out some way to erase this moment from ever having happened- and good luck with that!Although you can’t magically erase awful past encounters, the good news is that you can do a lot to make sure that they don’t happen again! In fact, we’ll show you how to make a great impression in any encounter- in just a few minutes or less.Have we got your attention? Great- then keep reading.Plan in advance.It may sound silly to plan encounters in advance, but you’ll thank me later when you start making great impressions on everyone you encounter. Each day, while you’re getting ready in the morning, think of a few topics of conversation that you can keep â€Å"pre-loaded†- everything from local news to sports or the weather is fair game. A harmless (but funny!) joke or two couldn’t hurt either, as long as you avoid anything offensive. Have a few different pleasant conversation starters â€Å"in the can,† so you can pick and choose which you use based on your audience.As the day progresses, feel free to tailor your conversation starters based on events that occur. We know this might sound weird, but you’d be surprised by how many people take advantage of this strategy to ensure that the only impressions they make are positive ones. Use it and you won’t get caught flat-footed wit h nothing to say should you run into someone unexpectedly.Pay attention to your body language.When you’re seeking to make a great impression on someone, what you say isn’t the only thing that matters- how you say it is just as important. Are you confident, clear, and friendly or are you tentative, awkward, and eager to break contact as soon as possible? Is your voice steady or wavering? Do you stand confident and tall or do you shift nervously and slouch? Do you make the appropriate amount of eye contact- not too much but not too little (some experts say that 5 seconds is a good amount of â€Å"eye time† before looking away and returning)- or do you avoid it like a cold?All of these things make up your social body language, and will factor greatly in the overall impression others have of you during social encounters. So, take some time to practice and make sure your body language is in top shape. Here’s where a trusted friend or family member can help you with some valuable practice. Or, try using a mirror to brush up on your body language skills, giving yourself honest feedback. Trust us, this is time well spent.Present yourself as a polished package.With some great conversation starters and impeccable body language, you’re well on your way to making great impressions on others. But there are a few more things that factor into your â€Å"overall impression package.† This includes the extras- your clothes and grooming.Always be mindful of the extras when you step out of your front door- you never know who you’ll run into and no one ever got upset that they made too good of an impression by spending a little extra time dressing well and minding all the details of their grooming routine. This is especially true when you’re expecting to run into people that you really want to make a good impression on- like at work or on interviews.We know, in a perfect world it wouldn’t matter what you wear or how yo u look, but it’s not a perfect world and we all judge books by their covers, so make sure you’re always mindful of the extras if you want to make a good impression.Don’t forget the secret ingredient.Ok, so your conversation game is tight, you’ve been working on your body language, and your clothes and grooming are sharp- are you totally ready to make great impressions no matter what situations you encounter? Not so fast- you’re close, but there’s one more â€Å"secret ingredient† that we hope is not so secret to you when you’re looking to make good impressions- be a good listener!The truth is, this is an absolutely essential component if you’re looking to make a great first impression. In fact, utilizing the other strategies listed here without deploying good listening skills may completely backfire and make you seem phony, self-absorbed, or artificial.Good listening skills just takes a little practice. When talking with other people, really work to pay attention to what they’re saying. Show interest in a conversation by nodding and using appropriate facial expressions based on what’s being said (don’t smile and laugh if someone’s telling you about their cat’s broken leg!). You’ll earn extra bonus interest points if you ask questions about what they’re saying. Even better? Turn the focus of the conversation on what the other person is talking about. Who doesn’t feel special when their interests are placed at the center of attention? Bottom line: great listeners make great impressions and you can count on people looking forward to interacting with you again.You can start utilizing the strategies mentioned here immediately, and if you do it won’t take a lot of time to start making great impressions. In fact, even quick encounters that last just a few seconds or minutes will become easy opportunities to make positive, lasting impressions!

Battle of Savages Station in the Civil War

Battle of Savage's Station in the Civil War The Battle of Savages Station was fought June 29, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). The fourth of the Seven Days Battles outside Richmond, VA, Savages Station saw  General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia pursuing Major General George B. McClellans retreating Army of the Potomac. Striking the Union rear guard, centered on Major General Edwin V. Sumners II Corps, Confederate forces proved unable to dislodge the enemy. Fighting continued into the evening until a strong thunderstorm ended the engagement. Union troops continued their retreat that night. Background Having begun the Peninsula Campaign earlier in the spring, Major General George McClellans Army of the Potomac stalled before the gates of Richmond in late May 1862 after a stalemate at the Battle of Seven Pines. This was mostly due to the Union commanders overly-cautious approach and the inaccurate belief that General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia badly outnumbered him. While McClellan remained inactive for much of June, Lee tirelessly worked to improve Richmonds defenses and plan a counterattack. Though outnumbered himself, Lee understood his army could not hope to win an extended siege in the Richmond defenses. On June 25, McClellan finally moved and he ordered the divisions of Brigadier Generals Joseph Hooker and Philip Kearny to push up the Williamsburg Road. The resulting Battle of Oak Grove saw the Union attack halted by Major General Benjamin Hugers division. Lee Attacks This proved fortunate for Lee as he had moved the bulk of his army north of the Chickahominy River with the goal of crushing Brigadier General Fitz John Porters isolated V Corps. Striking on June 26, Lees forces were bloodily repulsed by Porters men at the Battle of Beaver Dam Creek (Mechanicsville). That night, McClellan, concerned about the presence of Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons command to the north, directed Porter to retreat and shifted the armys supply line from the Richmond and York River Railroad south to the James River. In doing so, McClellan effectively ended his own campaign as the abandonment of the railroad meant that heavy guns could not be carried to Richmond for the planned siege. Taking a strong position behind Boatswains Swamp, V Corps came under heavy attack on June 27. In the resulting Battle of Gaines Mill, Porters men turned back several enemy assaults through the day until being compelled to retreat near sunset. As Porters men shifted to the south bank of the Chickahominy, a badly shaken McClellan ended the campaign and began moving the army towards the safety of the James River. With McClellan providing little guidance to his men, the Army of the Potomac fought off Confederate forces at Garnetts and Goldings Farms on June 27-28. Remaining away from the fighting, McClellan made the situation worse by failing to name a second in command. This was largely due to his dislike and distrust of his senior corps commander, Major General Edwin V. Sumner. Lees Plan Despite McClellans personal feelings, Sumner effectively led the 26,600-man Union rear guard which had concentrated near Savages Station. This force comprised elements of his own II Corps, Brigadier General Samuel P. Heintzelmans III Corps, and a division of Brigadier General William B. Franklins VI Corps. Pursuing McClellan, Lee sought to engage and defeat the Union forces at Savages Station. To due so, Lee ordered Brigadier General John B. Magruder to push his division down the Williamsburg Road and York River Railroad while Jacksons division was to rebuild the bridges across the Chickahominy and attack south. These forces were to converge and overwhelm the Union defenders. Moving out early on June 29, Magruders men began encountering Union troops around 9:00 AM. Armies Commanders Union Major General George B. McClellanMajor General Edwin V. Sumner26,600 men Confederate General Robert E. LeeBrigadier General John B. Magruder14,000 The Fighting Begins Pressing forward, two regiments from Brigadier General George T. Andersons brigade engaged two Union regiments from Sumners command. Skirmishing through the morning, the Confederates were able to push the enemy back, but Magruder became increasingly concerned about the size of Sumners command. Seeking reinforcements from Lee, he received two brigades from Hugers division on the stipulation that if they were not engaged by 2:00 PM they would be withdrawn. As Magruder contemplated his next move, Jackson received a confusing message from Lee that suggested that his men were to remain north of the Chickahominy. Due to this, he did not cross the river to attack from the north. At Savages Station, Heintzelman decided that his corps was not necessary to the Union defense and began withdrawing without first informing Sumner. The Battle Renewed At 2:00 PM, having not advanced, Magruder returned Hugers men. Waiting another three hours, he finally resumed his advance with the brigades of Brigadier Generals Joseph B. Kershaw and Paul J. Semmes. These troops were aided on the right by part of a brigade led by Colonel William Barksdale. Supporting the attack was a 32-pounder Brooke naval rifle mounted on a rail car and protected by an iron casemate. Dubbed the Land Merrimack, this weapon was slowly pushed down the railroad. Despite being outnumbered, Magruder elected to attack with only part of his command. The Confederate movement was first noticed by Franklin and Brigadier General John Sedgwick who were scouting west of Savages Station. After initially thinking the approaching troops belonged to Heintzelman, they recognized their mistake and informed Sumner. It was at this time that an irate Sumner discovered that III Corps had departed. Advancing, Magruder encountered Brigadier General William W. Burns Philadelphia Brigade just south of the railroad. Mounting a tenacious defense, Burns men soon faced envelopment by the larger Confederate force. To stabilize the line, Sumner randomly began feeding regiments from other brigades into the battle. Coming up on Burns left, the 1st Minnesota Infantry joined the fight followed by two regiments from Brigadier General Israel Richardsons division. As the forces engaged were largely equal in size, a stalemate developed as darkness and foul weather approached. Operating on Burns left and south of the Williamsburg Road, Brigadier General William T.H. Brooks Vermont Brigade sought to protect the Union flank and charged forward. Attacking into a stand of woods, they met intense Confederate fire and were repulsed with heavy losses. The two sides remained engaged, with neither making any progress, until a storm ended the battle around 9:00 PM. Aftermath In the fighting at Savages Station, Sumner suffered 1,083 killed, wounded, and missing while Magruder sustained 473. The bulk of the Union losses were incurred during the Vermont Brigades ill-fated charge. With the end of the fighting, Union troops continued withdrawing across White Oak Swamp but were forced to abandon a field hospital and 2,500 wounded. In the wake of the battle, Lee reprimanded Magruder for not attacking more forcefully stating that the pursuit should be most vigorous. By noon the following day, Union troops had crossed the swamp. Later in the day, Lee resumed his offensive by attacking McClellans army at the Battles of Glendale (Fraysers Farm) and White Oak Swamp.

Leading Educational Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Leading Educational Change - Research Paper Example Current paper examines the role of leadership in the planning and application of an educational plan especially when this one refers to a change that needs to be implemented in a particular educational site. For this reason, the University of Salford has been selected in order to be used as an example of the above interaction and influence in the area of education at all levels (the reference to an institute of higher education is just indicative). The above University has been chosen because of its extended plan of development and continuous change as it has been designed and applied throughout its operation. On the other hand, the analysis of the changes proposed and applied to the particular departments of the above institute will prove its suitability for current study. As of the structure of the study, this has been organized as follows: Chapter 1 presents current literature review regarding the interaction between leadership and educational change whereas Chapter 2 includes the most significant change and development plans as applied in the chosen educational site (University of Salford). Furthermore, Chapter 3 involves in the influence of literature on the educational strategy of University of Salford as it can be observed when comparing the existing plans of the institution with the views of the researchers as developed in the literature review Chapter. The personal recommendations follow Chapter 3 including certain assumptions regarding the material that has analyzed throughout the paper.

HNC Electrical Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HNC Electrical Engineering - Essay Example Fortescue, who introduced the method around 1918.....(1) However, it remained difficult to understand the three-phase system working under this concept, as any change in the voltage or current in any single phase could result in the corresponding changes in other two phases as well. Therefore, only two-phase alternating current was used in the power systems and it had 90-degree difference between the phases.(2n) Hence the two-phase power-generating concept was developed. However, we have evidence of using two-phase generators by connecting two single-phase ones, as early as 1890s........(2) In simpler terms, three-phase power system is the one that uses three different wires. One wire can be a neutral cable, which facilitates the system to use higher voltages while transmitting low voltages in domestic appliances. However, those machines that use high voltage allocations, the neutral cable requirement is not there as negligible loads are connected between the phases. In three phase power systems the power load is well distributed, as all the three wires have same magnitude of current with balance power load. Most of the countries have their own color-coding of the wires to distinguish the same in case of repairs. The three-phase power system is the widely used power in all industries, as it has balanced power load with uniform phase angle difference. However, the requirement of the household appliances and applications can be met with the single or two-phase systems as well. All electric motors are the fine example of three-phase power usage, as a three phase induction motor runs efficiently and has high starting torque with trouble-free design. The application of such motors can be found in fans, blowers, compressors etc. While these are medium and large size motors, application of very small three phase motors can be found in computer fans etc. The main advantage

With specific reference to post-1990s developments, critically Essay

With specific reference to post-1990s developments, critically evaluate the scope of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention under Article 2 of the United Nations Chapter - Essay Example â€Å"The Statute of the International Court of Justice†2 forms an integral part of â€Å"the Charter of the United Nations†3 and is annexed to it. The main objective of the Statute is â€Å"to organize the composition and the functioning of the Court†4. It is â€Å"the principal judicial body of the United nations and functions according to the â€Å"provisions of the present Statute5†. The Article 38 of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute is elaborated below. Various sources of the International Law have been recognized and emphasis has shifted between them over recent times. This has brought about remarkable results in creating â€Å"far reaching changes in the political shape of the world†6. The legal relationships among the different nations have undergone vast positive changes. The ICJ has the responsibility to make decisions over the disputes that are submitted to it, in â€Å"accordance with the international law7†. Being an organ of the United Nations, the Court is bound to perform its tasks â€Å"in compliance with the Charter†8 in order to promote â€Å"human rights and fundamental freedoms†9 In its functionalities the court shall apply either general or specific international conventions and establish the rules that are distinctly recognized by the concerned states. The Court will also make use of the international custom which will serve as an evidence of the common practice of acceptance of the law . The principles of law that are generally recognized by the civilized nations would be put into effect. According to the provisions mentioned in the Article 59, the process of determining rules and regulations for the nations would involve â€Å"the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations†10 and their judicial decisions. It would act as a subsidiary means towards the determination of the

Community Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community Nursing - Essay Example On the other hand, community health nursing is majorly inclined into three categories. These are referred to as tools of community nursing health practice which include community organizing, epidemiology and health education.Epidiomology deals with the determinants and distribution of injuries and decisions in human population. Community health nursing majorly study populations on the basis on age group with main reference to health problems related to each group. Some of the groups are infants, mothers (below twelve months, children with ages one to fourteen, young adults and many others. Health issue depending on age bracket may include; maternal health which encompasses prenatal care, family planning and abortion (McEwen & Willis, 2007). There are a number of partnerships involved in both public health nursing and community health nursing. They include government health agencies, quasi-governmental organizations dealing with health and lastly nongovernmental health agencies. For instance, Centre for Disease Control (CDC) partnering with Kenyan government in Africa to tackle HIV scourage.Government may fund transportation as CDC funds antroritoviral drugs distribution among the poor populations to curb faster death rates among HIV patients. Summarily, Watson’s theory of transpersonal care consists of the aspects of kindness, love and equanimity in relation to intentional caring. It advocates for being present authentically and cultivation f transpersonal self which surpasses the ego self. Both community health nursing tools and public health objectives and intentions ultimately compliment Watson’s theory since the aspect of care and self giving is a prerequisite of the two

ETH301 MODULE 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ETH301 MODULE 1 - Assignment Example First, they are respected, and second, they are famous. In other words, celebrities are the perfect epitome of brand attraction, and their mere association with the product guarantees profitability. Now, celebrity advertising, the aim of which is to let the celebrity speak on behalf of the brand is coupled with positive and negative bearings at present. Over the past, recent years, â€Å"outside forces† have significantly â€Å"influenced† in company’s choice of a potential brand endorser (Lipsey 79). This force is the media’s interest in scrutinizing the private lives and affairs of celebrities and his or her behavior that considerably affects the reputation of the company either it is a positive or negative gossip (Lipsey 79). To be specific, these are what we call celebrity scandals and misdemeanors. To date, history provides that consumers in the ancient times had no knowledge about the celebrity’s whereabouts except for its appearance on print advertisements, and the celebrity’s negative habits were â€Å"overshadowed† by his or her skills and performance (Lipsey 79). However, that is not the case today. In times of celebrity scandals, major companies are in a deliberate dilemma whether to retain the endorser or drop him or her in the roster. Today’s scandals are so powerful in influencing the minds of consumers because of the advances in technology that no matter how skillful the athlete is during his match, he is overshadowed by his celebrated scandal. Friedman and Friedman (qtd. in Kahle and Kim 161) hold that advertisers chose celebrities over non celebrities as endorsers because it represents the â€Å"self-image† and â€Å"taste† of the celebrity over the product. A certain celebrity endorsement entails a close relationship between the celebrity and the brand (Kahle and Kim 162). However, a noted research conducted by Baker and Churchill in 1977 (qtd. in Kahle and Kim 162) reveals that â€Å"sex† and â€Å"attractiveness† of any celebrity endorsers catch the attention of the consumers, but is â€Å"ineffective† in influencing consumers’ perception towards the endorsed product. It is difficult to draw the line between the celebrity’s influence towards the brand and the way consumers perceived the brand because somehow, they are closely associated. However, I strongly believe that it is a hasty decision for companies to drop the celebrity endorser on the grounds of public scandal that are irrelevant to the product being endorsed by the involved celebrity. For instance, Tiger Woods’ infidelity issue prompted most of his major sponsors to back out and cut off his endorsement deals. There has been no research yet to prove the correlation between Woods’ exits from his endorsement deal in Nike to the company’s increase in sales, but there are researches to prove that Gillette somehow loses profit when he stoppe d promoting the brand. The point is people are no longer ignorant to reach an illogical conclusion that Gillette’s brand quality will be reduced because Tiger Woods have an affair. It would be consistent if Woods supports a campaign for family planning methods so that his dropping from the brand is justifiable. It is justifiable, though, to scrap the celebrity endorser from a company’s roster of endorsers if he or she is no longer winning. Especially in sporting apparel and sports drinks, the winning track record of the sports icon is very important in the success of the product in the

Community Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community Nursing - Essay Example On the other hand, community health nursing is majorly inclined into three categories. These are referred to as tools of community nursing health practice which include community organizing, epidemiology and health education.Epidiomology deals with the determinants and distribution of injuries and decisions in human population. Community health nursing majorly study populations on the basis on age group with main reference to health problems related to each group. Some of the groups are infants, mothers (below twelve months, children with ages one to fourteen, young adults and many others. Health issue depending on age bracket may include; maternal health which encompasses prenatal care, family planning and abortion (McEwen & Willis, 2007). There are a number of partnerships involved in both public health nursing and community health nursing. They include government health agencies, quasi-governmental organizations dealing with health and lastly nongovernmental health agencies. For instance, Centre for Disease Control (CDC) partnering with Kenyan government in Africa to tackle HIV scourage.Government may fund transportation as CDC funds antroritoviral drugs distribution among the poor populations to curb faster death rates among HIV patients. Summarily, Watson’s theory of transpersonal care consists of the aspects of kindness, love and equanimity in relation to intentional caring. It advocates for being present authentically and cultivation f transpersonal self which surpasses the ego self. Both community health nursing tools and public health objectives and intentions ultimately compliment Watson’s theory since the aspect of care and self giving is a prerequisite of the two

Long-Term Sources of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Long-Term Sources of Finance - Essay Example preference equity, common equity, debt and leasing. Long-term Finances A business needs funds for capital investments such as fixed assets like plant, machinery, land, building, furniture etc. These assets must be financed with long-term financing sources. The chief financial officer (CFO) is usually responsible for making suggestions to the senior management and board of directors related to financing issues. These suggestions and recommendations carefully analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each long-term financing option. After the decision is made by the senior management and the board, the CFO is responsible for obtaining the long-term finances. The common forms of long-term finances are preferred stock, common stock, long-term debt and leasing. A firm faces need of different types of finances through its various stages of development. A firm in its start-up generally avail funds from the banks for personal loans, government agencies and personal savings. During the rapi d growth phase a firm uses internally generated funds or direct financing. The direct financing includes loans from insurance company, commercial banks or pension funds and financing by venture capitalists. The maturity phase is financed by issuing equity or debt in primary markets. The firm in its final stage finances from internal sources while making debt repayments or buying back the common stock (Weaver & Weston, 2004, p.311-312). Figure 1: Financing Sources Source: (Weaver & Weston, 2004, p.312) Sources of Long-term Finance Sources of long-term finance differ with the type and size of the firm. There are mainly two categories of financing-Equity and Debt. The equity financing consists of two types of equity instruments, one is preference stock and the second is common stock. The debt financing can take two forms, first long-term debt from financial institutions and second in the form of leasing. Each financing option is discussed as follows: Preferred Stock Preference capital is a distinctive type of long-term financing which combines the features of both debt and equity. As a hybrid security it has a fixed rate of dividend and ranks higher than the common equity in terms of claims over the firm’s earnings. The preference shareholders do not have voting rights as the common shareholders have. Advantages: The preference dividends can be omitted in case of low or zero earnings. This provides the firm greater flexibility and chance of surviving a downturn. However skipping a dividend may reflect dim view of the firm in investors’ community and may affect the share price as investors lose confidence and sell. Preference share capital is an additional source of capital which does not provide voting rights to the preference shareholders and therefore do not dilute the influence of ordinary shareholders. Fixed and limited preference dividends mean that the firms can retain or distribute common dividends in case of extra-ordinary earnings in a fisc al year. In case of limits on raising debts under the debt covenants, the preference share capital is a good alternative if a firm wants to expand raising external finance. Disadvantages: The high risk associated with capital and annual returns leads the preference shareholders to demand higher return than debt holders. The preference dividends are regarded as distribution of profits. Therefore they are not tax deductible. In comparison to this the lenders are not owners and so their interests are regarded as the expense

Visual Aid that Illustrates a Problem Essay Example for Free

Visual Aid that Illustrates a Problem Essay Organizations these days are facing numerous problems related to recruitment, job assignment, fair performance evaluation, and encouraging diverse workforce within the workplace. Nevertheless there is another growing problem for the organizations that has significant impacts over the performance and as well as reputation of a company. It does not create a mouth-opening effect on us when we get to know any issue related to sexual harassment that is happening somewhere in the country, whether it is any organization, community, educational institution, or village. It is because there is no such country in the world that has totally eliminated this issue, even if they have, then other diversity issues such as, discrimination, hatred, and glass-ceiling occur. The paper would discuss a problem of sexual harassment, analyze the legal concerns, highlight the thoughts regarding the issue, and suggestions for overcoming the problem. Introduction to the Problem Sexual harassment is a term that is used to define any act of harassment where a person or employee ‘makes continued, unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature, to another employee, against his or her wishes’ (Heathfield, 2010). There is not any specific way of harassing the opposite gender in the workplace; in fact, there are variety of ways that can be used depending on the circumstances. People pass on jokes, non-verbal gestures, or other offensive comments on the physique, dresses, or way of walking or talking of the other party. Touching and making some bodily connection also comes under sexual harassment, where patting someone’s back, holding him or her from waste, and scratching is done. Moreover, requests to the other party are made to have date even that party has refused before. And finally, sending emails or texts that contain some lewd text or pictures and playing sexy music are also part of sexual harassment. Significance of the Problem Sexual harassment has increased to so much extent that now it is considered to be a common thing, which would not have any negative impact towards the organization or its performance. But in reality, it does have several legal concerns over the confidence and self-esteem of the harassed one, performance of the organization, violation of the ethical and moral principles, and also the corporate culture. Starting from the moral and ethical issues, one does not have any right to sexually harass anyone else in the workplace even if the other party does not entertain the offer or gets reluctant to it. It violates the ethical principles because one does not feel the sense of freedom where he or she is working, and since it is the workplace so protest or condemnation cannot be done openly. Second of all, it diverts the mind of both the harasser and harassee from their work since they continue to disturb and get disturbed from each other’s reactions. Therefore, the time is wasted and focus is not made on the everyday tasks, hence resulting in the decline in productivity of both parties. As far as the self-esteem and confidence of harassee is concerned, it gets hurt seriously because the harassee cannot openly raise voice in front of others to either protect him/her or complaint about the harasser. Moreover, there is a great chance of other people perceiving the harassing situation as the consensual relationship or flirting of both the parties, which might degrade one’s image. Not only this, once the rumors about sexual harassment being happening in an organization spread, it exacerbates company’s image and so many of the women or minorities would hesitate to join it in the future. This growing issue in the workplaces have tarnished the image of many organizations and as well as the countries where minorities are harassed either sexually or for some other purpose. Although this is a silent issue that has not been considered to deal at the upper level either by the companies or governments; nevertheless, employees are the only one who can help themselves and get out if this nuisance. Overcoming the Problem Sexual harassment can be prevented by the organizations if they develop and introduce certain stiff rules about the issue, which ensure that whoever is found to be harassing others would either be fired or suspended. Of course, the employer would not want this issue to prevail in the company so the harassee must complain secretly to the immediate boss or manager who could take the issue seriously in dealing with it. Also, harassee must have proper proofs and records of harassment been done by the harasser, so that he or she could take legal actions against the harasser and let him or her face the music (Heathfield, 2010). This would not be it; in fact the role of government and law-making bodies is very decisive here that can introduce certain laws especially for the workplaces where sexual harassment usually takes place. Once the rules are implemented, the issue would certainly take a rain check and minimize. Gantt Chart Conclusion Therefore, there are many diversity issues prevailing in the organizations, one of them is sexual harassment that involves the passing of certain remarks, words, jokes, or some physical contact with the other party. Its outcomes are quite gloomy where the performance level of employees goes down, image is tarnished and corporate and ethical principles are violated. The issue can be managed by taking action on-the-spot by the harassee and the employer, and also by implementing stiff rules and regulations. Moreover, encouraging diversity and providing autonomy to both minorities and women must be incorporate within the organizational culture over which every employee would have to act on. This issue is not the one that cannot be stopped and would always happen like others mentioned in the start of the paper, in fact proper measures along with stiff rules for implementation would definitely help the companies to nip this problem in the bud and eliminate all the concerns related to it. References Heathfield. S. M. (2010). Address an Employee Sexual Harassment Complaint. Retrieved on August 17, 2010. From http://humanresources. about. com/cs/workrelationships/ht/sexualharass. htm Heathfield. S. M. (2010). Sexual Harassment. Retrieved on August 17, 2010. From http://humanresources. about. com/od/glossarys/a/sexualharassdef. htm

Online Etiquette in Virtual Learning Environment: Reflection

Online Etiquette in Virtual Learning Environment: Reflection Netiquette and Student Learning Experience on Blackboard – Reflective essay Communicating by email and other methods on the Internet such as online message boards and chat systems has become very common these days. It is almost impossible to pursue a course of study in higher or further education without using computers, and without communicating with other people online. Yet it can be safely said the most of us have never had any type of formal training in communicating online. The increased use of Virtual Learning Environments such as Blackboard and Moodle put an additional imperative on students to learn how to communicate online. This means that students now not only need to learn the content of the course, they also need to use a new tool properly prior to studying the subject matter. At our University, the Blackboard is used for various courses. Most students today are already familiar with the Internet and have already communicated with others via various methods on the Internet; hence there isnt a steep learning curve when they learn to use this new tool. Additionally, support is provided in various ways for students who require it. Firstly, students can approach the online learning support officer if they require any general help with the system. Secondly, they can approach the module leader or teacher if they have any problems with any specific course they are taking on Blackboard. Thirdly, they can approach their personal tutor with any problems t hat cannot be otherwise resolved. Practically, however, students often find peer support invaluable. I always found myself asking or being asked about specific issues with Blackboard. Some of the common questions are about where are the buttons one would require to perform certain tasks, for example the upload button when submitting an assignment, what happens when the system hangs – this often creates a lot of anxiety, especially when it happens close to the deadline for the submission of an assignment! I have often found that the people who are able to readily answer these questions have often faced the same problem themselves, and found it out either by trial and error on their own, or were in turn helped by some others. Although technology is often (dis)credited as the cause of an increasing loss of personal contact in every aspect of modern life, ironically, the use of an unfamiliar tool such as the Blackboard actually helped me communicate better with some other student s, as we faced a shared problem and being compatriots somehow brought us closer. Netiquette was something I decided that I had to learn before I was brave enough to add my comment in the discussion forums. This was mainly because I was very used to the Internet slang of using the short form of words such as CUL8R and I wasnt very sure these would be acceptable and did not want to get on the wrong side of the lecturer unnecessarily. I did some reading on the topic and found a great deal of material on the Internet regarding Netiquette. In particular, I read the RFC 1855 (Hambridge, 1995), which was a sort of bible on netiquette. On reading it the reasons behind many of netiquette rules that I didnt think were important, most of it seemed to be common sense and polite. The WIRED article by Leahy (2006) cited one good example of an email communication that had this sentence Don’t work too hard, which could be interpreted in a variety of ways – had this been addressed to me, I would have wondered, was the writer sarcastically implying that I was working too hard, perhaps trying to impress someone, in which case I probably would have taken offence, or was it just a joke? Either way, its difficult to interpret. I read the general rules for posting on Blackboard and saw that they werent very different from the RFC 1855. There were only minor differences, some recommendations adapted to keep in view that this was an educational discussion board in an educational institution. Going back to my interaction on Blackboard, I monitored the comments on the discussion board for while before I decided to post a somewhat inconsequential comment to test the waters. I had given a great deal of thought before deciding to participate in the discussion online. Initially, I thought that since participating in the online discussion forum wasnt compulsory, I need not participate; it would only take me more time to learn the rules, and then engage in a discussion that didnt really earn me any marks in my final score for the module. However, I spoke to some of my peers, and got the view that participating in discussions not only helped you clear your doubts, it also helped others; most often, someone else had the same question, but was just too scared to post it, and when you did, they were grateful to you; sometimes that made them bolder to start posting too. Then, one of the lecturers for one of the modules that was using Blackboard encouraged us to continue a discussion that took place in class online, and that was what spurred me on to leave me comment; however, having thought out my first post for very long before posting it, I feel that I somehow killed it and it had the desired effect: it was so inconsequential, no one posted a reply to it. Funnily, I found this was somewhat disheartening, however, resolved to take part in the discussions better and managed to follow through. The main benefit I obtained from the discussion boards is that if there are some strands of thought running on your mind about a topic that is being discussed, the discussion board offers you the opportunity to actually post those thoughts anytime, anywhere. On hindsight, communicating on the Blackboard discussion board did not have very different rules from communicating face to face in the classroom. One just has to remember that when posting on an online forum, the readers cannot see your face to gauge your expression and therefore are more likely to misinterpret your s tatements. Using emoticons, if these are acceptable, can help convey the tone of the message to a certain extent. Also, if you are always prepared to offer a clarification and apology if necessary if your message has been misinterpreted then you cannot go very much wrong. There are indeed some excellent positives to the use of Blackboard (or any other Virtual Leaning Environment) in the university. The use of the VLE allowed us to work at home (or as a group in one persons home) and enabled us to avoid spending the time travelling to university, and also the stress. We were able to discuss group assignments at a place convenient to the entire group, and as for individual assignments, there is a great deal to be said for sitting on ones own room with a pizza and coke and typing up an assignment. While it took some getting used to, once I got used to the system, I greatly appreciated the availability of all the information that was made available on an anytime, anywhere basis. However, I think that I would not like to pursue course of study that was conducted wholly through the VLE. This is because I felt that the face to face interaction I had with the lecturers of most modules was important, even if it consisted of me simply sitting passively in class listening to the lecture. This is because I felt I could understand much more when it was the lecturer explaining a certain point in person, not reading the written word; additionally, during face to face interaction, I had the opportunity of clearing any doubts that popped into my mind, and one once occasion, the teacher drew a simple diagram which allowed me to grasp the concept quickly; this would not have been possible if we were discussing the topic on the discussion forum on Blackboard. If all the convenience of using a VLE in additional to face to face teaching can be made available in a cost-efficient circumstance, then I would definitely recommend the use of Virtual Learning Environments. As for discussions on Blackboard, with my experience, I am now a bit confident at posting my comments on discussion topics. Perhaps the next semester I may even be bold enough to start up discussion on new topics if the opportunity presents itself. References Hambridge, S. (1995) RFC1855: Netiquette Guidelines (Available online at http://rfc.net/rfc1855.html last accessed Aug 2007) Leahy, S. (2006) The Secret Cause of Flame Wars Wired (Available online at http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/02/70179 last accessed Aug 2007) What is ethical policy? What is ethical policy? WHAT IS ETHICAL POLICY? In recent past so many successful business failed, many profitably running businesses suffered from a downfall and it is said that some effective corporate receives a great fall in their profits and popularity. One of the main reasons behind these surprising happening was lack of business ethics. Thus the ethics can be defined as the ability to distinguish between right and wrong (Buzzle.com, 2009). For a business to grow and maintain its prosperity, it must be found on certain ethical principals. A business that is based on ethics can run successfully for years (Buzzle.com, 2009). Money makers who do not pay attention to ethical values can only earn a short term success. To last long in the market, ethical business policy is must. An ethical business policy is important at many levels. It establishes expectations for employees and management as well, and defines the enforcement mechanism and penalty for noncompliance. When the ethical policy is professed as an integral component of the organizations culture is understood, followed and enforced (Bankers Online, 2010). An effective ethical policy has number of advantages. Its awareness among employees is a guarantee of proper conduct and doing the right things. They will better understand their responsibilities and expectations and assume the appropriate level of accountability when identifying and managing business risk (Messmar, 2003). The ethical policy of an organization is more than just a formal document outlining related rules of conduct. It is about integrating positive values throughout an organization (Sethi, 2003). Some key fundamental characteristics of for making ethical policy effective and worth having are (Find Articles, 2008);  · Employees often used to follow the behaviour of their superior executives, managers and others who have succeeded in the company. There fore everyone at every level must stick to the guideline laid down by the ethical policy.  · Companies those are very successful in their business have made ethics a key element of their corporate culture. Conducting business with integrity is considered as important as bottom line results. Ethical standards are applied any time a decision is made or an action is taken, not just during controversial situations (findarticles.com, 2008).  · Many firms make the mistake of asking their legal department to draft their code of ethical practice. As a result the policy may not reflect the challenges employees routinely face on the job. That is why it is valuable to include people from all levels of the organization in discussion about ethical guidelines. Once the ethical policy is implemented, it is equally important to review it periodically to ensure it accounts for current business practices (Find Articles, 2008).  · While deciding for the ethical policy companies should adopt democratic approach despite of giving the task of policy formulation to the legal department firms must include people from all levels of the organization in discussion about ethical guidelines. Once the ethical policy is implemented.  · Management should apply the same ethical standards to everyone in the organization. The consequences for an executives dishonest conduct should be consistent with those of a junior staff member. No exceptions should be made (Find Articles, 2008).  · The work environment must be one in which people feel they can deliver bad news to management without fear of repercussions. (Find Articles, 2008). A good ethical policy will not prevent every crisis, but it will ensure that staff members have a clear understanding of expectations. Collaborate with employees on defining the rules and make sure everyone is aware of the requirements. Then take step to instil core values throughout the organization (Rodgers, 2004). With regular reinforcement, ethics will guide every decision organization makes and become a central element in the way the organization conducts business. CONTENT OF ETHICAL POLICY First of all, the ethical policy must reflect organizations values, controls and processes. Unless the policy, controls and processes adequately reflect that institution is unique organization, the code will not be effective in providing guidance or offering protections (Bankers Online, 2010). Depending on regulatory requirements the contents of ethical policy vary. In general, the ethical policy should contain rules on; record keeping, information security and privacy, gift and hospitality, cooperation with investigations and audits, conflicts of interests and of course, a â€Å"whistleblower† provision, establishes procedures for reporting any suspected illegal or unethical activities by others within the organization (Bankers Online, 2010). ADMINISTERATION OF ETHICAL POLICY There is no unique style of administration. In some companies legal department has oversight and administrative responsibility. In some, responsibility rests with Human Resources or compliance. Some other organizations have a special ethics committee empowered specifically for purposes of oversight and enforcement (Bankers Online, 2010) (Wood, 2002); Accountability is clearly defined. The responsible department or person has the stature necessary to facilitate enforcement, It is assigned to someone who does not have a propensity to engage in illegal or unethical activities. Important components of the administration of ethical policy include initial and on going training and awareness effort of receipt, understanding, and compliance with the code; standards for documentation of exceptions; standards for investigation of suspected or reported wrongdoing; consistent enforcement; and finally periodic review of the code to ensure that it is comprehensive and reflects the current organizational structure and business practice (Bankers Online, 2010). THE TAJ GROUP OF HOTEL: TAJ GROUP OF HOTELS: The Taj Hotels Resort and Palaces is a group of 64 hotels at 45 locations across India with an additional 15 international hotels. The most significant addition to the Taj portfolio has been the iconic landmark hotel in New York, the Taj Boston and the blue in Sydney (Taj Hotel, 2009; Tata.com, 2009). The Taj Group of hotels is a part of Indian Multinational Group ‘TATA which has been respected in India for 140 years for its adherence to strong values and business ethics. TATAs vision is to attain leadership through business excellence in the sectors that they operate in, while upholding values and integrity, to improve the quality of life of the communities they serve. TATAs has always been values driven. These values continue to direct the growth and business of TATA companies. The five core TATA values are (Tata.com, 2009); Integrity, Understanding, Excellence, Unity and Responsibility (Tata.com, 2009).Detail analysis of ethical policy of Taj Groups of hotel is as follows. ETHICAL POLICY AND ITS ANALYSIS As a part of TATA group Taj Group has a very comprehensive ethical policy, which gives each and every detail about what the group is intended to do in future. As a part of TATA the Taj group carries a long history of ethical practices. The ethical policy is in real sense an essence of 150 year of ethical and value based business developed by TATAs around the world. As TATA is very big organization they have a very detailed ethical policy for the entire group consisting 25 clauses which focuses on every aspects of ethical practice. The important points of this policy are discussed and analyzed here (Tata.com, 2009). National interests: the group is committed to benefit the economic development of the countries in which it operates. In the course of its business the company shall respect the culture, customs and traditions of each country and region where it operates. Financial Reporting of reports: The organization shall prepare and maintain its accounts in accordance with the generally accepted guidelines. There shall be no wilful omissions of any company transactions from the books and records. Any wilful, material misrepresentation of and / or misinformation on the financial accounts and reports shall be regarded as a violation of the Code, apart from inviting appropriate civil or criminal action under the relevant laws (Tata.com, 2009). Competition: As a TATA Group member organization shall fully support the development of open market and shall promote the liberalization of the market. No employee shall engage in restrictive trade practice act. Equal opportunity Employer: organization shall provide equal opportunities to all its employees and all qualified applicants for employment and shall promote diversity and equality in the workplace. Gift and Donation: A Tata company and its employees shall neither receive nor offer or make, directly or indirectly, any illegal payments, remuneration, gifts, donations or comparable benefits that are intended, or perceived, to obtain uncompetitive favours for the conduct of its business. Government Agencies: A Tata company shall comply with government procurement regulations and shall be transparent in all its dealings with government agencies. Political non alignment: A Tata company shall be committed to and support the constitution and governance systems of the country in which it operates. A Tata company shall not support any specific political party or candidate for political office. Health, safety and environment: A Tata Company shall strive to provide a safe, healthy, clean and ergonomic working environment for its people. A Tata company, in the process of production and sale of its products and services, shall strive for economic, social and environmental sustainability. Quality of products and services: The quality standards of the companys goods and services shall meet applicable national and international standards. Corporate citizenship: A Tata company shall be committed to good corporate citizenship, not only in the compliance of all relevant laws and regulations but also by actively assisting in the improvement of quality of life of the people in the communities in which it operates. The company shall encourage volunteering by its employees and collaboration with community groups. Cooperation of Tata companies: In the procurement of products and services, a Tata company shall give preference to other Tata companies, as long as they can provide these on competitive terms relative to third parties. Public representation of the company and the group: Tata group shall be represented only by specifically authorized directors and employees. It shall be the sole responsibility of these authorized representatives to disclose information about the company or the group. Group policies: A Tata company shall recommend to its board of directors the adoption of policies and guidelines periodically formulated by Tata Sons. Shareholders: A Tata company shall be committed to enhancing shareholder value and complying with all regulations and laws that govern shareholder rights. Ethical conduct: Every member of the organization shall exhibit professionalism, honesty and integrity, while conforming to high moral and ethical standards. Regulatory compliance: Employees of a Tata company, in their business conduct, shall comply with all applicable laws and regulations. Conflict of interest: An employee or director of a Tata company shall always act in the interest of the company, and does not involve a conflict of interest with the operations of the company. Integrity of data furnished: Every employee of company shall be entirely responsible in ensuring that the confidentiality of all data is retained and in no circumstance transferred to any outside party in the course of normal operations. Reporting concerns: Every employee of a Tata company shall promptly report to the management, any actual or possible violation of the Code or an event of misconduct, not in the companys interest. Analysis of ethical policy: Customer Focus: Customer relationship is of utmost importance for a business to achieve long-term profits. To gain a long term relationship with customers and achieve customer return for the business, the business needs to be based on ethics. The trustworthiness of a business, its customer service, its customer care, its way of dealing with customers and its urge to retain its old customers, is a part of business ethics. Businesses ethics leave a long lasting impression on their minds builds trust, fetching a business more customers while retaining the older ones (Buzzle.com, 2009) (BIZ ethics, 2009). Legalities: Most of us are concerned about making money for our business and we cater to the legalities in business but we seldom bother to base our business on ethics. At times, ethical duties of a businessmen and project managers could be more abiding then even the business laws. Ethics is a far reaching concept and goes beyond the idea of making money legally. Ethical values are way ahead of earning money. Ethics is more about the earning long lasting relationship in business (BIZ ethics, 2009) (Buzzle.com, 2009). Ethical Practice: People who seek motivation behind being ethical should understand that they are ethical by definition. Ethics is an integral part of running business and hence ethical values accompany business by default. Without following certain ideals in business, one cannot become successful. Success that is attained without a foundation of strong ethics is bound to be short lived. A business can not continue to prosper without an ethical base. A few successes can be coincidence or flukes but persistent success can only be a result of strong foundation of ethics (BIZ ethics, 2009) (Buzzle.com, 2009). Human resource: Organisational benefits should not be used in an unfair manner. The use of company resources for personal benefits and taking an undue advantage of business resource is completely unethical. Using the wealth of the business for personal reasons is not ethical. Using company fund for personal reason is unethical. A thoughtful and careful utilization of company resources is a part of business ethics. A vigilant and prudent use of resources is an essential component of ethics in business (Buzzle.com, 2009). Hospitality Bribe: Accepting bribes, pleasing the so called important clints, favouring a part of the customers while being unfair towards the others is against business ethics the primary aim is not just to maximise profits. It is rather to cater the needs of the society and work towards benefiting the masses. THE HILTON GROUP OF HOTEL: Hilton world wide is a multinational hospitality company started in 1919 in Cisco Texas. Today Hilton is expanded in 79 countries and operates around 3400 hotels world wide. Hilton world wide offers business and leisure travels the finest accommodations, service, amenities and values. The values of Hilton group are incorporated in its name that is HILTON where (Hilton Hotel, 2010); H Hospitality passionate about delivering exceptional world class services. Integrity doing right things all the time. Leadership leading the industry and community. Teamwork team work in every thing done. Ownership owner of action and decision. Now operate with the sense of urgency and discipline. The vision of Hilton group is â€Å"to fill the earth with the light and warmth of hospitality†. ETHICAL POLICY Hilton Groups ethical policy is brief but comprehensive in nature. It clearly explain what is expected from the employee while performing their duties. Main points of Hilton groups ethical policy are discussed here as under (Hilton Group, 2010). Promote honest and ethical conduct, including fair dealing and the ethical handling of conflicts of interests. Promote compliance with applicable law and governmental rules and regulations. Promote prompt internal reporting of violation of this ethical policy. Insure the protection of the companys legitimate business interests, including corporate opportunities , assets and confidential information; and Deter wrong doing. As there is no standard format to draft the ethical policy for all the organization, in other words we can say that the ethical policy of the organization depends on the vision , mission and the core values of the company. Therefore two ethical code of conducts could not be compared point to point basis but their impact on the success of business could be. Here an attempt is being made to compare the ethical policy of the Taj Groups of hotel with the leading multinational player in hospitality industry The Hilton Group. In the Taj Groups ethical policy the national interests is at the top shows that TATAs believe that interests of the nation where they operates are of utmost important and shows their commitment to economic development of that nation and respect for the local culture tradition and values but this thing is not mentioned clearly in the ethical policy of Hilton group of hotels. Hilton group emphasis on corporate opportunities that for its entire group the business interests of the group are of utmost importance than any other thing. In case of Taj corporate opportunities are not discussed in detail, as Taj is a member of a well diversified industrial group it is been said that while working with other organisation group companies must be favoured. The Taj and Hilton are regarded very successful organization in hospitality industry, their success id simple reflection of the values and principal they follow in routine as well as strong adherence to their ethical policies respectively. Both the organisation emphasised on the transparent financial reporting system. Timely disclosure of all the transaction, prohibition of creative accounting, miss appropriation of financial information is regarded as the violation of ethical policy and punishable too. The ethical conduct is at the centre of the policy for both the organisation. Both the organisation put great emphasis on the professionalism, honesty and integrity while exhibiting high moral standard on work. Conflicts of interests is been recognized by both the organisation, it is clearly defined that if there exist any conflict, in that situation all the employees of the organisation will uphold the companys interest first. Hilton group is specially a hospitality company which has its interest in expanding world over and they are successful in achieving their objective, their policy of joining hands with other similar organisation for the expansion is paying them in better way. Taj group has to work on its expansion strategy that how they will realize the dream of being worlds best hospitality company. Taj group has to work on the application of technology to their counter part is using. Hilton groups web portal is more customer friendly than any other similar organisation. As Hotel Taj was the main target of Mumbai terror attack in India, Taj group has to come out with the clear policy with regard to the security of their guest because one incident in Mumbai degraded the image of the Group hotels and specially to attract the international customers more in number they have to concentrate on their marketing strategy too. In case of Hilton customers security policy is not clearly defined in their ethical policy thus they also required to work on it without waiting for any unpleasant event. Experts in business management and researchers have certified the need for businessman and company professional to study ethics. They have asserted the importance of founding business on ethical values and following them. They have urged management professionals to adhere to ethics and accept it as a part of business. Ethics remain being important in business and strong ethical values shall take the business a long way! (Biz Ethics, 2009) (Buzzle.com, 2009)

Essay --

The use of a necklace to adorn oneself can be traced back through the ages, despite having a sole purpose to be aesthetically pleasing and to enhance an outfit, they have been used to demonstrate our individuality; and to show individuals expression of non-conformism in an attempt to distinguish oneself from society (Menninghaus, W. in Robert, K. 2011). Necklaces have been used as complex visual decorations to convey various meanings; cultural, social status to dictate wealth to others, it was even normal at one stage for wealthy ladies to wear more than one necklace at any single time to signify her wealth and class (McCarthy, M). They can be worn to confirm love and loyalty, and in the case of lockets even store our most treasured mementos, such as photographs and locks of hair. For example, in the Zulu tribe, girls often communicated their feelings to boys through jewellery making; they would thoughtfully and delicately make the jewellery, choosing motifs with great care to subtly convey their feelings. (Vanhaeren, M. 2009). By studying jewellery not only can we identify people’s personal tastes, but we can travel back through the ages, especially by studying the materials in which they are made. The earliest known necklaces were discovered to be made from teeth, bones and such materials that were readily available (Gere, C and Rudoe, J. 2010), today however, the variations are never ending, made from varying materials, such semi-precious stones to gold and silver to more affordable materials, such as plastic and glass beads; with a vast amount of designs, from simple and sophisticated to elaborate and over the top. Jewellery can be passed down through family generations, or given as a gift to a loved one. Necklaces have a hig... ...o bring luck and good fortune for the rest of the month. However, they have not always been viewed as lucky creatures, for example, in the nineteenth century fishermen would refuse to speak the word while out at sea. Whilst in Devon to see a white rabbit would indicate a forthcoming death in a person that was currently ill (Russell, H. (1925). Through the Celtic tribes it was noted that it was taboo to eat rabbit meat, quoting to do so ‘was like eating one’s own grandmother’ (Ezpeleta, A. 1996) this shows us the importance of rabbits and how highly they were regarded throughout history, whilst elsewhere it was considered that eating rabbit meat would cause beauty and vitality. The Celtics also believed that rabbits burrowed underground in order to communicate with the spirit world, and that they could carry messages from the living to the dead. (Ezpeleta, A. 1996).

Patting Down the TSA

Patting Down The TSA Before 9/1 1 happened our country was not as strict with security as we are today. You could once go through air travel without the hassle of having to go through full body scanners and taking off your shoes, belts, hat, etc. Ever since 9/1 1 our country has made a huge change in the security industry. They havent made many changes to buses, ships, and trains. Buses may have security cameras, but no one is checking people for bombs or weapons. Cargo ships get searched, but not to the extent they should be.Tons of people ride the subway system in big cities such as New York and Chicago, but there is no security on the subway. Our country is so worried about air travel security that they do not put enough time and money into the other types of transportation security. â€Å"Transportation is often likened to the bodys circulatory system† (Kulash 5). The circulation of blood is essential for the human life. In the same way the circulation of goods and people is critical to keep society running smoothly. If people and goods are not circulated smoothly, then society will start to slowly fall apart.Doctors remove blood clots and replace valves that have sprung leaks; transportation and logistics rofessional practice the same concept. They are used to keep the distribution system running by eliminating congestion and managing the flows of human traffic. Today there are new concerns about the transportation security (Kulash 5). September 1 1, 2001 shocked the United States by showing us exactly how dangerous our transportation system can be. It made us realize terrorists can make weapons out of any transportation vehicle.The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) recognized early on the threats that a terrorist can put on the transportation system. It is not Just an attack by terrorists we should worry about; we have a massive ransportation system that can go virtually anywhere. There are hundreds of thousands of people that are employ ed in the transportation department; an attack could also be an inside Job by an agents. They know how the security system works and could easily get by. Any company can ship goods all around the world on cargo ships, train, cars, and having every container, car, boxcar, and ship inspected would cause the flow to freeze.The goods that are being shipped would take a very long time to get to their destination. The buyers would start to get angry about their goods not arriving on ime, and would stop buying the good from their supplier. The problem has to be solved by not slowing down the transportation flow. The transportation flow is how quickly and efficiently people and goods get from one place to another. Security is a top priority at the U. S Department of Transportation. Their goal is to come up with the most advanced technology and safest and smoothest way to run security. The range of discussions at the meetings are from inexpensive technological gizmos to sophisticated electro nic systems, from common sense business practices to sophisticated end-to-end programs governing the entire supply hain† (Kulash 5). Their are many agencies and companies that have ideas they want to put in place, but they are weighing the costs and benefits, and assessing what really needs to be changed. As decisions get made at many levels, change may come. As they discuss more and more about these issues they will come to an agreement about what is best for the transportation security, and where they should put their time and money.Airport security is the most secure type of public transportation. In the past people did not have to take their shoes or belts off, and they could even bring their drinks through security, but not anymore. Airport security has become more and more secure after the terrorist attacks on September 11 2001. Up until recently everyone had to take their shoes and belts off and throw their drinks away. Everyone is still required to throw any food or dr ink item they may have away. The TSA is becoming more lenient with older people and young children, so they no longer have to take their shoes off and can leave their Jackets on.They feel that these two certain age groups are less likely to commit a terrorist attack. Now the airports have full body scanners that everyone has to step into. This is an upgrade for the TSA so that they an be absolutely sure that no one has any type of weapon on them. The airplane itself is also more secure by adding bullet proof doors to the cockpit, so only people with access to this door can get in. Security is a very time consuming and costly expense. Since 2001 there has been 57 billion dollars spent on the TSA. Most of the money is used by the airports.The TSA is also not as trustworthy as most of us may think. There have been reports of agents stealing money, harassing passengers, and misuse of the money they are given for security. This table explains vey well the cost of security and exactly wha t he TSA does with the money and what they are doing wrong. Elliott, Christopher. â€Å"Patting Down The TSA. † Newsweek 159. 12 (2012): 16. As the table shows there is an awful lot of money that goes into airport security. It also shows how they are loosing money by the inconvenience of screening.Everyone has to take everything off and out of their pockets when they go through a medal detector. Screening is enough for the airport security. It takes up more time and money to have the metal detectors there when the screeners see everything else. More money could be used for other types of transportation. Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport Planning, Design, and Destruction† is a book that describes all the guiltiness that airports and other types of transportation need to follow. 96 percent of this book is followed by airports and only 5 percent is tollowed by all other types ot transportations.Security is virtually percent non-revenue overhead cost; every dollar spent on security is unavailable for new or upgraded facilities, operations, maintenance, manpower, public amenities etc (Kosatka 32). Security requirements are continually changing and the costs are out of the airport managements control. Buses, Trains, and ships do not have nearly the amount of security that airports do. Since there has been no terrorist attack in the United States on a bus, train, or ship, the transportation security administration does not feel the need to spend the time and money to keep these types of transportation very secure.There has been talk about putting bag scanners on ships and trains. As they talk about this more scanners on trains and ships may come into play ( Frank 3a). Money is the most important part, so if the TSA put more money and time into the security of these types of transportation then they would be more secure. Other aspects of the airport may be at risk also. Fuel trucks, construction vehicles, catering equipment and air cargo could b e dangerous if not thoroughly checked. Yes these people have all gotten background check, but someone could easily by-pass that.Michael Boyd, president of the Boyd group international, an aviation consulting firm, says the solution is simple to keep these aspects of the airports secure. â€Å"Having a TSA run by trained security professionals at all levels, with total performance accountability' (Boyd 10a). Today there are Federal Security directors who have very little experience in this field. Boyd says, â€Å"We've also had TSA with zero background in security. † He is saying even though they have strong security there may be a chance a TSA agent with no experience may slip up and let something happen that they did not mean to happen.They have become too concerned with finding things that can be used as weapons than identifying or deterring security threats (Boyd 10a). However, with these other types of transportation only following 75 percent of security guidelines Homel and Security Janet Napolitano says, â€Å"l plan to focus more on mass transit, possibly through redeployment of resources from other areas† (Frank a). She said that they have done a lot of work in that aviation department and could pay more attention to ground transportation.Just before Napolitano took office she found that 37 out of 48 of the nations largest transit systems are not complying with the security guidelines. Paul Lennon, head of mass transit for the TSA, says, † there is no sanction for non-compliance† (Frank 3a). Major systems in big cities such as New York and Washington have greatly improved security while the other smaller agencies to do not see the need of urgency that the larger agencies see. Greg Hull, ecurity director for the American Public Transportation Association, says, â€Å"The industry knows it has difficulty fully complying with guidelines† (Frank 3a).Hull said transit agencies simply need more money from the government to im prove their security. Money is a huge part of security so, the TSA uses it to purchase new and more modern technology and hire more staff member. Without tons of money being poured into the transportation security industry the security would be very weak. They have used a lot of money for the updating technology and new ideas for the airports, but they have not put a lot of money into trains, buses, and ships. The more money these other services can get the better their security will be.The subway system is a huge part ot public transportation in big cities. In major cities such as Boston, New York and Chicago people use more public transportation than in the smaller cities. These cities are so fast moving that putting extra security on them would slow everything way down. In New York City millions of people ride the subway every day. It is more efficient for people to take the subway than drive a car. There can be a high risk of an attack because these cities are so congested and e verybody is moving so quickly. Because of this the subway systems are not very safe.Putting security scanners on every subway system would cost the cities a lot more money and more taxes from the people. Most people do not like paying taxes and most would be very frustrated if they had to pay more for security. Some may argue that nothing terrible has ever happened on a subway to make security necessary on it. Everyones that takes the subway would have to change their routine. They would no longer get to where they are going fast. They would have to plan their schedules accordingly. No on really excepts security to be the best it can be.No matter how much is spent on security, there will always be more that could be done. The challenge is whether or not where and how much security there should be. Wherever the line is drawn, we will have to live with the risk (Kulash 7). For example, everything that has been done to diagnose, prevent, and treat coronary heart disease, they still are America's number one killer. One in five Americans suffer from some form of coronary disease; 954,000 americans die each year from it (Kulash 7). It cost the United States 259 billion dollars each year in health costs and productivity losses (Kulash 7).These numbers do not discourage medical progress, they encourage it. In the same way, exposure to transportation security risks will lead to new organizations, new technologies, and new system. Maintaining the flow of secure transportation has a down side. â€Å"Don't hold your breath and wait for a solution this will be evolving for years; improvements can and will be made† (Kulash 7). It is vital that the United States transportation system be kept running smoothly. U. S transportation and security have made incredible progress in the last twenty years. International trade and freight are expected to double in the next twenty years.Excellent transportation capabilities will continue to spur the nations economic growth (Kulas h 7). Just about everything in life needs money to operator or become better. Security gets better and better the more money that is poured into it, so more money needs to be put into other types of transportation. All types of transportation need to be as safe as possible. Money should not be an issue if it deals with saving a life. No one wants anything tragic to happen to their family so the TSA needs to do whatever it takes to take the security as far as it can go, because you cant put a price on family.